Creation, Flood and the Hero in Epic of Gilgamesh and...

Another similarity is the fall of man and the search for everlasting life. The snake is represented in both of the stories. Gilgamesh is searching for everlasting life, and the everlasting life is within a flower. Gilgamesh finds the flower but is confronted by the snake and drops it. However, in Genesis, a snake confronted Adam and Eve. It was Eve who would not have even thought about eating the forbidden fruit without the snake tempting her. She then turns around and offers the fruit to Adam. This causes them to know about sin. As a result of their sin it continues throughout all mankind. This causes God to Flood the earth. When the flood came it was all over the world in both of the books. Noah and Utnapishtim were both righteous men. They were both told to build a boat and they both complained about it. The flood was a result of man’s wickedness. Utnapishtim said â€Å"the world teemed, the people multiplies, the world bellowed like a wild bull, and the great god was aroused by the clamour†. The noise was so harsh that they agreed to â€Å"exterminate mankind†. Genesis states that â€Å"the earth was filled with violence† and that the world was â€Å"corrupt† . So God told Noah that â€Å"the end of all flesh is come before me; for the earth is filled with violence through them and, behold, I will destroy them with the earth†. The difference here is the way that the way the gods/Gods got the idea to destroy the Earth. Since man was sinning and making allShow MoreRelatedSimilarities Between Paradise Lost And Paradise Lost1239 Words   |  5 PagesParadise Lost comparison to three epics of antiquity There are many ways to compare and contrast Paradise Lost with the three other epics of antiquity. The epics are Paradise Lost, Aeneid, The Epic Gilgamesh, and The Iliad. The most obvious difference is era. Paradise Lost is an epic poem from the 17th century and is written in blank verse which is the most modern phrasing method. According to an article on Enotes, out of the other three epics, the Iliad and Aeneid came from the same dactyllicRead MoreEssay on Flood Legends From Around the World1695 Words   |  7 Pages There are flood stories from many cultures. The flood stories usually consist of a higher power that floods a civilization due to some act that has made the higher power angry. The stories talk about one specific family and how the flood consumes the entire globe. So many cultures have a story about a great flood that have many similar details that it is hard to not believe that it is not true, but whether the story of a great flood is true or not, it is up to the individual to decide

Female Oppression in Jane Eyre Essay - 1600 Words

Throughout Jane Eyre Charlotte Brontà « uses the character Jane as a tool to comment on the oppression that women were forced to endure at the time. Jane can be seen as representative of the women who suffered from repression during the Victorian period, a time when patriarchy was commonplace. Brontà « herself was affected by the time period, because according to Wolfe, she was deprived â€Å"experience and intercourse and travel.† (70) Thus Jane offers a unique perspective as a woman who is both keenly aware of her position and yet trapped by it despite repeated attempts to elevate herself and escape the burden placed on by her different suitors. Although superficially it seems that Jane wants to break away from the relationships that further†¦show more content†¦Even in her state of anger she cannot help but once again be the restrained and subdued one in their relationship. Despite all of the happiness she has found with Rochester she still cannot bring herself t o stay in a relationship in which she sacrifices part of herself, because she doesn’t know how to reconcile her need feel like she belongs and is taken care of while at the same time remaining uncorrupted. Over the course of the novel it becomes clear that Jane is two separate people one practical and honest, the other simply a lonely girl looking for a place to belong. The question becomes how she will resolve the tension between each of these Jane’s who seem to be at odds with one another. This divergence is represented by her struggle to leave Thornfield, and when making that choice we see a distinct conflict between her conscious and passion. She refers to her conscience as a â€Å"tyrant† taunting passion and threatening it with agony. (335) Moreover, Jane also says that it has an â€Å"arm of iron† which alludes to its strength and foreshadows which of the two will eventually win. (335) Once she realizes what she needs to do she explains the reasoning mechanically using words that are plain and free from emotion such as, â€Å"law,† and â€Å"principles† asShow MoreRelatedFunhouse Mirrors: Jane Eyre and Bertha Mason Essay1717 Words   |  7 Pa gesTim Bartlett ENG 396 March 23, 2011 Funhouse Mirrors: Jane Eyre and Bertha Mason â€Å"Jane Eyre† is a book centred around female duality. In a time when females were still expected to fulfill their â€Å"womanly duties,† Charlotte Bronte wrote a novel dealing with a woman’s view on morality sexuality, passion sensibility, and conformity insanity, among other themes. This motif of duality plays a strong part in the dynamism that makes up the book, and is not limited to the themes, but is also usedRead MoreJane Eyre Feminist Analysis1066 Words   |  5 Pageshysterical, impudent, and presumptuous for acting on their true nature or their intuition. Jane Eyre, a semi-autobiography by Charlotte Brontà «, is an exemplary novel where an untraditional heroine defies societal normality. The female protagonist Jane Eyre exhibits a self-created drive for personal success and a perpetual ambition to learn, characteristics customary of men. After the publication of Jane Eyre, many critics has viewed it through the feminist literary lenses, claiming it to contain biblicalRead MoreThe Exposure of Feminist Critique in 19th Century Literature: a Look at Charlotte Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s Jane Eyre1749 Words   |  7 Pagesdeemed oppressive in ones life. It is created for different causes and comes in many forms; it may be made verbal, explicit, implicit, physical, and even made humorous or satirical. Charlotte Brontà «, a 19th century Victorian feminist wrote her novel Jane Eyre as a means of exposing the confining environments, shameful lack of education, and pitiful dependence upon male relatives for survival (Brackett, 2000). Charlotte Brontà « used literature as a means of feminist cultural resistance by identifyingRead MoreWomen s Rights By Jane Eyre1351 Words   |  6 Pagesbegin to see literature as a form of expression against oppression when Marie Gouze, a self educated female in France,is inspired by The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen and writes The Declaration of the Rights of Women.This lays down the for efront for women’s rights and influences people to express themselves in literature and to give females a voice. Charlotte Bronte writes Jane Eyre in 1847 which depicts the life of Jane Eyre who had a rough childhood and is able to get herself a jobRead MoreJane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte Essay1162 Words   |  5 Pagesand such opinion is shown in Jane Eyre. Although Jane Eyre was considered radical for its time because women weren’t supposed to play the role of heroine, Jane Eyre rises up from her oppressors, fights for what she thinks is right, and above all stays true to herself and today is considered a true role model for heroine characters. Jane Eyre tells the story of an orphan who goes through her life with challenges and goes on to have an ‘awakening’ in the process. Jane goes through a â€Å"life-pilgrimage†Read More The Oppressed Female in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre886 Words   |  4 PagesThe Oppressed Female in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Jane Eyre, Charlotte Brontà « clearly demonstrates the relationship between sexuality and morality in Victorian society through the character of Bertha Mason, the daughter of a West Indian planter and Rochesters first wife. Rochester recklessly married Bertha in his youth, and when it was discovered shortly after the marriage that Bertha was sexually promiscuous, Rochester locked her away. Bertha is called a maniac and isRead MoreJane Eyre By Charlotte Bronte1601 Words   |  7 Pagesbeliefs would likely shock her, so to interpret this novel as feminist, one must see it through the lens of the time and place Brontà « wrote it. Charlotte Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s Jane Eyre was a feminist work in that Bronte expressed disdain for oppressive gender structures through the voice of Jane Eyre, and the actions of Bertha Mason. Jane Eyre was a steamy novel for its time, with imagery as blatantly concealed as Jane’s description of Rochester’s hand as being â€Å"rounded, muscular; and vigorous†¦long, strong†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Read MoreEssay on Women Oppressed in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre1666 Words   |  7 PagesJane Eyre: Women Oppressed      Ã‚   Gender is not a biological fact but a social construct.   However, so many assumptions have been made in the attempt to define the terms gender and sex that society often defines gender as being solely male and female.   The female sex has traditionally been oppressed due to inferences on physical and mental constraints that male-dominated society has imposed.   As with culture, gender socialization begins with birth and the family structure, though many believeRead More Personification of Oppression in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre1561 Words   |  7 PagesPersonification of Oppression in Jane Eyre      Ã‚  Ã‚   At first glance and under insufficient scrutiny, the persona of Jane Eyre reflects a slightly expanded Cinderella character. But Jane Eyres personality and life delve much deeper than a superfluous rags to riches story. Her identity is as complex as literature can convey and her characteristics are manifested through several subtle parallels. These parallels relate to objects and nature, but mostly to one particular individual in the novelRead MoreJane Eyre Character Analysis1402 Words   |  6 PagesIn her novel Jane Eyre, Charlotte BrontÃ'‘ depicts the characters of Jane Eyre and Bertha Mason as being negatively perceived by society, as they are both treated unfairly and are seemingly undesirable and disregarded. Looked down upon by society, they are made to feel suppressed and as if their thoughts do not matter. Such feelings of oppression seem to drive both Jane and Bertha to madness; Bertha seems to embody the inner rage that Jane tries to control within herself throughout the novel. Through

Succubus Shadows Chapter 4 Free Essays

I spent the whole morning waiting restlessly for Roman. Surely he had to come home at some point to sleep, right? Of course, being part greater immortal, he’d have a lot of the traits of his angelic parentage – and angels and demons never needed to sleep. Roman could likely get by on very little rest and simply chose to sleep in as often as he did for the fun of it. We will write a custom essay sample on Succubus Shadows Chapter 4 or any similar topic only for you Order Now I left a message on Jerome’s cell phone, which was useless more often than not. I also kind of wished I hadn’t parted from Carter so soon. Caught up in the Pictionary absurdity, I’d totally forgotten about my siren song encounters. Indeed, I’d nearly written them off until last night’s repeat. But if Jerome was hard to get a hold of, Carter was impossible. He kept no cell phone and seemed to take personal pride in showing up at unexpected moments. Left with no other options, I called my friend Erik. He was a human who ran a store specializing in esoteric and pagan goods. He was often my backup for bizarre supernatural situations, sometimes knowing more than my friends did. As I dialed his store’s number, I couldn’t help but marvel at the circles my life seemed to run on. I was repeating the same pattern over and over. Something weird would happen, I’d fruitlessly attempt to contact my superiors, and end up seeking Erik for help. â€Å"Why the fuck does this keep happening to me?† I muttered as the phone rang. Cody never got stalked by paranormal forces. Neither did any of the others. It was like I was specifically being targeted. Or cursed. Or simply imbued with bad luck. Yes, my life was a never-ending spiral, doomed to repeat the same patterns of annoying immortal threats – and miserable romantic situations. â€Å"Hello?† â€Å"Erik? This is Georgina.† â€Å"Miss Kincaid,† he said in his usual genteel voice. â€Å"A pleasure to hear from you.† â€Å"I need your help with something. Again. Are you around? I wanted to swing by before work.† There was a pause, and then I heard regret in his voice. â€Å"Unfortunately, I have to run errands and close the store today. I’ll be back this evening. When do you finish work?† â€Å"I’ll probably be free at ten.† Another evening shift. â€Å"I can meet you then.† I felt bad. His store usually closed around five. â€Å"No, no†¦that’s too late. We could try tomorrow†¦.† â€Å"Miss Kincaid,† he said gently, â€Å"I’m always happy to see you. It’s no difficulty at all.† I still felt guilty when we disconnected. Erik was getting old. Shouldn’t he be in bed by ten? Nine? There was nothing to be done for it now, though. He said he’d do it, and I’d seen him when he was obstinate. I had nothing to do but wait now and hope Roman would surface before I had to work. When he didn’t, I simply left him a note saying I needed to talk to him immediately. It was the best I could do. At work, no one was out or – best of all – hungover. I was caught up on my paperwork, which gave me a lot of free time. Whether that was good or bad, I couldn’t say. It kept me from messing up my job but merely left me in a cycle of rumination. It was nearly closing time when I noticed Seth at his usual station in the caf? ¦. Maddie had worked the day shift, which meant I didn’t have to face their cute couple antics. He caught my eye as I walked through, and against my better judgment, I sat down across from him. â€Å"How goes it?† I asked. My usual romantic fixation with him was put on pause when I saw that he looked agitated. He tapped the screen in annoyance. â€Å"Bad. I’ve been staring at this screen for two hours and haven’t gotten anything done.† He paused. â€Å"No, that’s not quite true. I ordered a Wonder Twins T-shirt and watched some videos on YouTube.† I smiled and propped my chin up in my hand. â€Å"Doesn’t sound like a bad day’s work.† â€Å"It is when it’s been going on all week. My muse is an ungrateful harlot who’s abandoned me to actually come up with my own plots.† â€Å"That’s a record for you,† I observed. I’d seen him have fits of writer’s block when we dated, but it never lasted more than a few days. â€Å"When’s your deadline?† â€Å"Not for a while, but still†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He sighed. â€Å"I don’t like to be stalled out. I’m not really sure what to do with my days if I’m not writing.† I started to say that he must have wedding stuff to do but then thought better of it. I kept to lighter topics. â€Å"Maybe it’s time to pick up a hobby. Fencing? Origami?† That slightly bemused smile that was so characteristic for him crossed his lips. â€Å"I tried latch hook once.† â€Å"You did not.† â€Å"I did. Do you know how hard that is to do?† â€Å"It’s actually pretty easy,† I said, trying to hide my laughter. â€Å"Kids do it, you know. Your nieces could probably do it.† â€Å"They can. And you’re not making me feel better.† But those beautiful brown eyes were amused. I studied them for a moment, loving the way they would sometimes turn amber. A moment later, I snapped myself out of my lovesick spell. â€Å"There’s always dancing,† I said mischievously. This made him laugh too. â€Å"I think we’ve proven how futile that is.† I’d tried twice to teach him how to do it – swing and salsa – all with disastrous results. Seth’s talents lay in his mind, not his body. Well, upon further consideration, I realized that wasn’t entirely true. â€Å"You haven’t found the right kind,† I said. I’d given up on hiding my grin. â€Å"What’s left? Riverdance? Square dancing? And do not even suggest jazz. I saw Newsies and was traumatized for, like, five years.† â€Å"Harsh,† I said. â€Å"You could still probably wear your T-shirts with jazz dancing. I know you must have a ‘Dancing Queen’ shirt somewhere.† His shirt today sported Chuck Norris. â€Å"Unless, of course, you wanted some variety. Square dancers have some pretty sweet costumes.† He shook his head in exasperation. â€Å"I’ll leave the dancing getup to you. And no, no ‘Dancing Queen’ shirt yet – though I do have an Abba one. I think a ‘Dancing Queen’ shirt would be better for you anyway, not me.† His eyes moved from my face to what he could see of my body at the table. â€Å"You look like you could go dancing right now.† I started to feel myself flush at his gaze and immediately utilized shape-shifting to nix it. The unseasonably warm weather lent itself to sundresses, and I had another on today. It was a cream-colored trapeze, sleeveless with a keyhole top that may or may not have been showing managerial-appropriate cleavage. He wasn’t ogling me or anything, but I had learned long ago that Seth was good at keeping his emotions off of his face. I wondered what went through his mind. Simple aesthetic admiration? Lust? Disapproval of non-managerial cleavage? â€Å"This old thing?† I asked breezily, uncomfortable for reasons I couldn’t explain. â€Å"You were wearing that color the first time we met.† He suddenly seemed embarrassed. â€Å"Not sure why I remember that.† â€Å"You don’t,† I said. â€Å"I was wearing purple.† Now I felt flustered to remember that. He frowned in a way I found cute. â€Å"Were you? Oh, yeah. I guess you were. The violet top and flowered skirt.† Every detail. If he’d mentioned me wearing a snakeskin jacket, I might have passed out. Yet, I had a feeling he did remember that. Probably my shoes and the way I’d styled my hair too. An awkward silence grew. I might have been keeping the flush off of my face, but there was warmth spreading through me. And only half of it was desire. The rest was something else†¦something sweeter and deeper. I cleared my throat. â€Å"What’s the book about? Cady and O’Neill, right?† He nodded, looking grateful for the subject change. â€Å"The usual. Mystery and intrigue, sexual tension and life-threatening situations.† He hesitated. â€Å"It’s the last one.† â€Å"I – what?† I felt my jaw drop. Whatever romantic feelings that had been stirring in me immediately got pushed to the back burner. â€Å"You mean like†¦the end of the series?† Seth had written a lot of mysteries over his career, but Cady and O’Neill – his intrepid art and archaeology explorer duo – was his flagship series. â€Å"Why?† He shrugged, eyes moving back to the laptop screen. â€Å"Because it’s time.† â€Å"How†¦how will you make your living?† His smile turned wry as he looked back up at me. â€Å"I’ve written other books that aren’t about them, Georgina. Besides, you don’t think my fans’ll have enough faith to follow me to a new series?† â€Å"True,† I said softly. â€Å"We’ll follow you anywhere.† I’d meant to say â€Å"they’ll,† but it was too late. â€Å"I hope so,† he said, averting his eyes for a moment. When he looked back, I saw a spark of excitement. â€Å"But I’m actually into doing something new. I’ve got this idea – and it’s really great. I just want to lose myself in it, you know?† I did know. I’d seen him forget parts of his real life plenty of times while caught up in a book. I wondered if this new project he was so enthusiastic about would intensify that zeal. â€Å"So you’ve got the ending for Cady and O’Neill figured out?† I asked. â€Å"No,† he said with a sigh, glow dimming. â€Å"That’s the problem. I don’t know how this is going to end.† I suddenly wondered if he was still talking about the books. Our gazes met again, and whatever might have come next was interrupted when Beth appeared at my side. â€Å"Georgina? A friend of yours is here to see you.† My heart leapt. Roman. Roman had read my note. His advice on that eerie siren song was about the only thing that could have dragged me away from Seth. I sprang up from my seat, giving Seth an apologetic look. â€Å"I’ve got to go.† He nodded, some troubled emotion in his eyes that I couldn’t identify. That troubled me in return. He might be good at keeping his emotions off of his face, but at one time, I’d been pretty good at figuring them out. â€Å"No problem,† he said. Wistfulness? Was that the mystery emotion? I couldn’t ponder it any longer. Roman was more important. I took the steps downstairs two at a time, anxious to see him. But when I reached the registers, where Beth had said my friend was waiting, it wasn’t Roman I saw. It was Cody. Or, well, I think it was. It took me a moment to figure it out. He was dressed all in black – and not just jeans and a T-shirt. We were talking full regalia: a studded-leather jacket, steel-toed boots, and an – ugh – mesh shirt. His blond hair had black streaks in it, and heavy black eyeliner and lipstick over white foundation completed the look. I didn’t know what to say, so I simply grabbed his arm and dragged him into my office before anyone else could see him. â€Å"What the hell are you doing?† The sun had only just gone down, which meant he must have doubled the speed limit to make it here so quickly. â€Å"I’m here to see Gabrielle,† he explained, casting an anxious glance at my doorway. â€Å"Where is she? I wanted to get here before you guys closed.† â€Å"She’s not working tonight.† His face fell, but I couldn’t help but add, â€Å"And honestly, I think that’s a good thing.† â€Å"Why? Peter had a copy of The Seattle Sinner, and after going through it, we thought this would be the way to get her attention. He helped dress me.† â€Å"Wait. Peter had a copy of – ? Never mind. I don’t want to know. Believe me, you would have gotten her attention. But I’m not sure it’d be the kind you want.† Cody gestured to his attire. â€Å"But she’s into this scene. You said yourself that she dresses all in black.† â€Å"Yeah,† I admitted. â€Å"But yours seems†¦I don’t know. Overdone. People like her are always on the lookout for wannabes. You try too hard, and you’ll just put her further off.† He sighed and slumped into my desk’s chair, dejected. â€Å"Then what am I supposed to do? That newspaper was my only lead.† â€Å"Well, for starters, don’t let Peter dress you again. Ever. As for the rest†¦I don’t know. Let me ask around and see if I can get you more to go on. Just please don’t wear this outfit again.† â€Å"Okay,† he agreed. Just then, Doug stuck his head in. It wasn’t his night to work, so I was kind of surprised, but not nearly as surprised as he was. â€Å"Hey, Kincaid, I had a question about the schedu – Jesus Fucking Christ! What is that?† â€Å"It’s Cody,† I said. Doug walked gingerly into the office and peered at Cody’s face. â€Å"Well, I’ll be damned. It is. I thought it was the ghost of Gene Simmons.† â€Å"Gene Simmons isn’t dead,† said Cody. â€Å"Cody’s trying to impress Gabrielle,† I explained. Doug opened his mouth, no doubt to comment on the impossibility of that, but I held up a hand to stop him. â€Å"Yeah, yeah. I know. What did you need?† Doug needed to switch some shifts, and without his ladylove around, Cody decided to leave. I let him out the back door, not wanting to cause a panic in the store. Once the schedule was set, Doug and I bantered about the Cody and Gabrielle situation. Before long, I lost track of time, and closing announcements were being made on the intercom. Doug said his farewells – half afraid I’d put him to work if he stayed – and I set off to finish my own tasks. My meeting with Erik was getting closer, and I felt a mix of excitement and apprehension. An hour after the doors were locked, staff began to go home. I made one last sweep of the store and found Seth still sitting in the caf? ¦. No surprise. My coworkers could never bring themselves to kick him out when we closed. He’d actually gotten locked in once and accidentally set off the alarm. I walked over to his table, noting the enraptured look on his face as his fingers danced along the laptop’s keys. â€Å"Hey, Mortensen,† I said. â€Å"You don’t have to go home, but you can’t stay here.† It took almost thirty seconds for him to look up, and even then, he seemed surprised to see me. â€Å"Oh. Hey.† I could feel a smile playing on my lips. This was picture perfect Seth behavior. â€Å"Hey, we’re all closed down. Time to go.† He glanced around, noting the dark windows and lack of people in the store. â€Å"Oh, man. Sorry. I didn’t even notice.† â€Å"I take it the muse came back?† â€Å"She did.† â€Å"So you know how it’s going to end now?† â€Å"No. Not yet.† I walked Seth to the back door and armed the alarm before letting myself out. He told me good-bye, and if he’d had any dreamy affection for me earlier in the night, it was gone now. His characters now consumed his heart. It was something I’d had to accept when we were together, and watching him walk down the street, I decided that was how it should be. Seth’s writing was too much of his being. I let my own dreamy affection go and drove up north of the city to Erik’s store. I still felt a little bad about him meeting me so late, but the lights in his windows gleamed out into the night. And inside, the usual music and incense were going strong, just as they would during business hours. Glancing around, I didn’t see him right away. Then, I noticed him kneeling down in front of some palmistry books. â€Å"Hey, Erik.† â€Å"Miss Kincaid.† He rose to his feet, but the motions were jerky and unsteady. And when he finally turned to face me, there was a gauntness in his dark-skinned face that hadn’t been there the last time I saw him. My instinct was to rush over and support him, but I had a feeling he wouldn’t welcome that. Still, I asked the obvious. â€Å"Are you okay? Have you been sick?† He gave me a gentle smile and began moving – slowly – toward the store’s main counter. â€Å"A passing cold. They seem to last longer than they used to, but I’ll be fine.† I wasn’t so certain. I’d known Erik for a long time†¦. I’d lost track of the years, actually. It wasn’t an uncommon thing with mortals, one that often blindsided me. One moment they’d seem young and healthy†¦the next, they were old and dying. It never hurt any less, either. Part of the reason Seth had broken up with me was to spare me the pain of that loss because I began growing overly paranoid about his well-being. Now, watching Erik, I felt even worse for keeping him out so late. I also felt bad because I realized I never visited except when I needed something. When had I last seen him? Months ago, when Jerome had been summoned. I’d sought Erik’s help then and hadn’t been by since. â€Å"Tea?† he offered, just like always. â€Å"No, no. I don’t want to delay you,† I said. I leaned against the counter and felt relieved when he settled down on a stool. â€Å"I just wanted to ask you a couple things. Something weird happened.† I almost laughed as the words left my mouth. That was such a typical opening statement for me. Again, that earlier thought returned: my life was one big circle, repeating and repeating. I gave him the rundown on my weird encounters with the unknown and – for the large part – indescribable force. He listened carefully, bushy gray eyebrows knit into a frown. â€Å"I hate to tell you this,† he said when I finished, â€Å"but there are probably a number of things that could describe.† â€Å"Surprise, surprise,† I murmured. That was more a commentary on my life, not his abilities. â€Å"The fact that your†¦uh, friend couldn’t identify it is intriguing.† Erik was one of the handful of people who knew Roman was in Seattle. Erik had no interest in Heaven and Hell’s policies and wouldn’t be tattling anytime soon. â€Å"Of course, he lacks the full skill set his relatives have. I don’t suppose you’ve spoken to any greater immortals?† I shook my head. â€Å"No. They’re notoriously absent, as usual. I think I’ll be seeing Jerome soon.† He’d probably want to check in with Roman. â€Å"So we’ll see then.† â€Å"I’m sorry I don’t have any ready answers. I never seem to.† â€Å"Not in the beginning,† I said. â€Å"But you always come through in the end. More patterns.† â€Å"Hmm?† â€Å"Nothing,† I said with a small sigh. â€Å"Sometimes I just feel like the same things are happening to me over and over. Like, even this siren thing. Why me? In the last year, I’ve been targeted over and over. What are the odds? Why does this keep happening?† Erik’s eyes studied me for several moments. â€Å"There are some people around whom the powers and supernatural beings of the world will always circle. You appear to be one of them.† â€Å"But why?† I asked, surprised at the childish tone in my voice. â€Å"I’m just another succubus. There are tons of us out there. And why recently? Why only in the last year?† It had to be the cruelest joke in the world that all these paranormal mishaps had started happening right when my romantic ones had. Apparently, one source of pain just wasn’t enough. â€Å"I don’t know,† Erik admitted. â€Å"Things change. Forces move that we can’t see.† He paused and coughed, making me wince. How sick was he? â€Å"Again, I feel like I’m useless to you.† I reached out and gently squeezed his shoulder. â€Å"No, no. You’re invaluable to me. I don’t know how I would have gotten by all these years without you.† This earned me a smile. Wanting him to go to bed, I picked up my purse to leave. As I was heading to the door, he suddenly said, â€Å"Miss Kincaid?† I glanced back. â€Å"Yeah?† â€Å"Do you still talk to Mr. Mortensen?† The question caught me by surprise. Erik had been intrigued when Seth and I were dating, marveling at the connection between a human and a succubus, though he didn’t have the crazy obsession that Carter used to. â€Å"Sure. Sometimes.† My earlier conversation with Seth came back to me, the ease and warmth that had surrounded us. â€Å"And things are amicable?† â€Å"More or less.† Aside from his impending marriage, of course. â€Å"That’s good. It doesn’t always happen in these situations.† â€Å"Yeah, I know. Although – † I bit off my words. Erik tilted his head, studying me curiously. â€Å"Although what?† â€Å"It’s amicable, except sometimes†¦sometimes this whole situation with him. It’s like having my soul split in two.† â€Å"Understandable,† he said. Those eyes burned with compassion, and I felt tears spring up in my own. â€Å"I’m sorry I brought it up. I was just curious.† I assured him it was okay and said good-bye again. The mention of Seth and the recollection of being with him earlier had made my mood go melancholy. I drove back to West Seattle, miserable that I’d be helping with his wedding tomorrow and worried over Erik’s sickly state. As heavily as those thoughts weighed on me, they immediately flew from my mind as soon as I walked into my living room. â€Å"Roman!† He sat on the couch as he had last time, now eating a microwavable chicken pot pie. The TV was on, but he didn’t seem to be watching it. When he looked up at me, he didn’t wear that amused, teasing look. His expression was dark. Troubled, even. â€Å"I’ve been waiting for you to get home,† I exclaimed, tossing my purse and keys to the floor. â€Å"You won’t believe what happened.† Roman sighed. â€Å"No, you won’t believe what happened.† â€Å"Yeah, but this is – â€Å" He held up a hand to interrupt me. â€Å"Let me get this out first. It’s been driving me crazy.† I swallowed my impatience. â€Å"Okay. I’ll bite. Does it have something to do with Simone?† He nodded. â€Å"Yeah. I followed her tonight to this twenty-four-hour coffee shop called Bird of Paradise.† He eyed me carefully. â€Å"Do you know it?† Now I felt a frown creeping over my face. â€Å"Yeah†¦it’s in Queen Anne, right around the corner from Emerald City. What was she doing there? I mean, aside from getting coffee?† Roman’s expression turned darker and – unless I was mistaken – sympathetic. â€Å"She was there hitting on a guy,† he said. â€Å"Seth.† How to cite Succubus Shadows Chapter 4, Essay examples

Leading Major Projects and Programs

Question: Discuss about the Leading Major Projects and Programs. Answer: Introduction: Director is a person who supervises the company in leading the major projects and programs. Majority of companies are using this term at every different department to define roles. For e.g. director of human resources undertake the decisions related to human resource development and appraisal. According to Part 10 Directors and Company Secretaries Division 1 section 2(1) describes a director as a person who holds a position as a director or whatever name it is called as. Section 453 states that a public company or a company limited by guarantee must have at least 2 directors whereas section 454 states that a private company must have at least 1 director (Rogers, 2008) (New Company Ordinance, 2014). As per the given situation Downing Ltd is an IT company with Sam as a director. Simultaneously Sam was asked to work in Twilight Ltd which has similar business. Sam accepted the offer and remained the director of both companies. A director is found to be in a breach if he simultaneously operates two companies operating in similar business. It is mentioned clearly in the act that a person cannot be a director for two or more competing business at a same time. It is a part of an unfair method of competition under the Hong Kong Company Ordinance (Hong Kong CFA Decides on Directors' Duties and Conflict Of Interest, 2016). Director has a duty to avoid interest until and unless authorized. It is the duty of the director to disclose interest which is attached with the third party. Director has a duty to disclose any profit caused which is of material interest. In the given situation it is visible that the director has secretly joined another company without seeking permission from the other board member which is an ultra vires act. In Saloman V Saloman (Wan, 2012) it was decided that company and the individual are two separate entities. As per the case law the company and the individual should not be considered as one body. Company is a separate legal entity and it has all rights like a living entity. Director holds a fiduciary duty in the interest of the organization so he has to work in utmost faith in the goodwill (Guidelines for Directors, 2009).In the given case law of Extrasure Travel Insurance Ltd v. Scattergood the duty of a director is related with honesty and loyalty instead of competency. Duties of a director: A director has to work in utmost faith for the company. He is assigned with duty to act in good faith so that the goals of an organization could be attained. In case if his activities are against the goodwill of the company it will be considered as ultra vires (Paolini, 2014). He holds a fiduciary position in a company. The company conferred right to implement duties effectively in order to retrieve maximum result. In the given situation a director joined a similar company that may affect the interest of the company. Both are IT Company which deals in similar business. There are excess possibilities that the director might leak information to some outsider that might affect the interest of the company In Furs Ltd V Tomkies (Cassidy, 2006) the director has a duty to avoid secret profits. Director has no right to obtain a profitable situation on behalf of the company without disclosing material facts to the shareholders. In the decided case of Aberdeen Railway Co. v. Balikie Brothers the court stated that no question can be raised related to the fairness and unfairness of the contract to be entered. Directors are at breach if they enter into a contract with their own company. As per the given situation the director is found guilty of committing act without seeking permission as was directly mentioned in the memorandum that the director has no right to join a company with similar interest. It will affect the interest of the company. A company can take legal action against the director who is found guilty of the act. A director has a duty to disclose every kind of profit it is making outside the company. According art 16, Schedule 2 director who is in conflict of interest has no right to vote while passing a board resolution. Section 465 of the ordinance describes the duty of a director to exercise rights in a significant manner to avoid conflict of interest (Directors and Company Secretaries, 2014). In the case law of CMS Dolphin Ltd v Simonet (Virgo, 2015) it was stated that if a director holds a fiduciary place in the previous company then has no authority by law to utilize his contacts to create business. Similarly in Foster Bryant Surveying Ltd v Bryant (Barnett Scrope, 2008) it was stated that it is the fiduciary duty of the director to avoid conflict of interest. It is the duty of the director to avoid any possible condition related to conflict of interest which can even exists after a director ceases to be in employment. So it is not permissible under law to resign at one place and seek similar opportunity in present or after maturing even though he doesnt hold a position of director. In case if the director leaves the previous company and joins the other company which is dealing in similar goods. The director has to follow the letter of employment while dealing with such situation if it restricts him to join another organization of same business that may affect the previous organization. The company may restrict the director from joining a similar company as he might reveal the secrets of the company. In the given situation the director firstly joined another company without telling Downing Ltd. It is against the policies of the company. A director cannot hold two positions simultaneously. He has to disclose it in general meeting before the shareholders (Guidelines for Directors, 2009). Secondly as per the corporate governance the director has no right to provide similar interest to other companies. The company may disallow this act directly by putting restrictions on joining another competitive company. Both the companies are dealing in similar business and there are chances that the director might disclose the trade secrets to the new company as he has already signed deals with the clients of previous company. The director has committed an ultra vires act. The law does not allow him to seek an undue advantage by utilizing the clients of the previous business. This condition depicts the intention of the director behind joining the new business with similar interest. When a company gets to know that the director has breached any of the duty, the company has an authority under section 473(2) to ratify the deed(New Company Ordinance, 2014).The company has an authority to hold the voting power for which the ratification was done or to hold any share in the company. A liable director has to pay for the monetary damages he has caused to the company through his act. In this situation Mr. Sam is liable to pay for the damages as he has committed an act which was against the memorandum of the company. References Barnett,DScrope,H.(2008). Employment Law Handbook. Henry Scrope Directors and Company Secretaries, (2014). Online Available at: https://www.cr.gov.hk/en/companies_ordinance/docs/part10-e.pdf (Accessed on: 16/11/16) Guidelines for Directors, (2009). (Online).Available at: https://www.hkiod.com/guidelines-for-directors.html (Accessed on: 17/11/16) Hong Kong CFA Decides On Directors' Duties And Conflict Of Interest,(2016). (Online).Available at: https://www.conventuslaw.com/report/hong-kong-cfa-decides-on-directors-duties-and/#sthash.ErgCTPIt.dpuf (Accessed on: 17/11/16) New Company Ordinanace, (2014). Online Available at: https://www.cr.gov.hk/en/companies_ordinance/docs/part10-e.pdf (Accessed on: 16/11/16) Paolini,A.(2014). Research Handbook on Directors Duties. Edward Elgar Publishing Rogers, K. (2008). Directors Duties Conflicts of Interest. (Online).available at: https://www.cripps.co.uk/directors-duties-conflicts-of-interest-2/ (Accessed on: 15/11/16) Virgo,G.(2015). The Principles of the Law of Restitution. OUP Oxford Wan,M.(2012). Reading the Legal Case: Cross Currents Between Law and the Humanities. Routledge

Global Warming and Enviromental Pollution Essay Example

Global Warming and Enviromental Pollution Paper The planet Earth is now warming at a faster rate than during any time in the previous thousand years; there can be little doubt that it is the human- race who are the primary culprits. Essentially, Global Warming is the heating up of our atmosphere thanks in large part to the build-up of green house gases. This warming of our atmosphere can lead to an increase in the earth’s overall temperature. This warming is caused by several varying factors such as burning fossil fuels, industry and agricultural processes initiated by unmans as well as natural and other gas emissions; collectively these factors are synonymous with the term ‘Green House Effects’. The damage these processes create could devastate our planet’s natural biological cycle’s which would encompass our very existence. Recognizing our role as the primary antagonist consequentially allows us to be activists against ourselves and develop methods and habits to help rejuvenate our planet and drastically aid in turning the tide of a possibly impending global and catastrophically altering planetary change. Chief among the issues at stake with regards to Global Warming is climate change thanks in part to greenhouse gases. Although human error is commonly cited as the only producer of green house gases, Earths natural environment is also a contributing factor. Greenhouse gases are common naturally occurring gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide but, human activities can considerably add to the extreme unnatural levels of these gases. Everything from driving cars, heating homes, and fueling factories; humans are constantly involved in contributing to greenhouse missions and alternatively leading to more problems and a excess strain on our environment. We will write a custom essay sample on Global Warming and Enviromental Pollution specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Global Warming and Enviromental Pollution specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Global Warming and Enviromental Pollution specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Factories alone account for more than 80% of today’s carbon dioxide emissions. Global warming has a profound effect on nature as well as mankind. It can add to a longer life cycle of a disease or produce favorable conditions for germs to thrive year round because of the increase in temperature. Global warming can bring about a higher precipitation percentage in an ecosystem, which could enable infectious diseases to be contracted and spread at a more rapid rate. These factors could impact unman health and are already being detected globally. Animal habitats can be effected because most animals need certain temperatures to thrive and if a particular species decides to relocate due to the conditions it takes their link out of the food chain and therefore puts a break in the cycle; that may contribute to smaller numbers Of species that feeds on them or even a increase in the organ ism that the species that vacated fed on. * Not only does global warming affect the biotic (living organisms) of the planet, it also effects and changes the biotic portions of each and every ecosystem as well. All over the world millions of acres of forest are burning due to increasing temperatures taking away habitats for a plethora of species. It can also change the chemical composition or make-up of an area. In addition, when temperatures increase tide levels and ocean wave patterns tend to change. When temperatures increase higher levels of salt water are produced from evaporation. When waters are more potent with salt it can erode beach front and vegetation along the shores at an accelerated rate. The evaporation which contributes to the problem is collected by our atmosphere and can cause an increase in rainfall for an area. This, consequentially, highlights a previously mentioned side effect as an increase in infectious diseases. The precipitation could also decrease or alter the quality of crops produced and, if it gets to the point crops are dying because of environmental change, may cause us to not only a permanent change our diet but also adapt as a species. Though natural in its process, this devastating phenomenon exacerbated by humans is creating a new, unnatural cycle that has the potential to affect every aspect Of our world. The worlds government’s and people therein eave the ability and the need to help curb the impact of global warming. Simplistic changes in our routines and daily life styles choices of each person, such as carpooling, energy efficiency, reducing the carbon footprint of vehicles or buying one that is more CEO-friendly are easily attainable. It is the government can play a substantial part in the prevention of global warming by implementing new laws to develop better controls and regulations on emission standards for most industries. This will reduce the amount of pollutants that are allowed to be released into the atmosphere. Although true damage from emissions depends on factors like demographics, economy, technology and, the development of new laws or policies, people can at least slow the effects for now so they don’t reach epic levels. Current predictions for the future of earth don’t look good with carbon dioxide levels projected to be 30-150% higher in 2100 than what it is today. If carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases continue to spill into the atmosphere, global temperatures could rise five to ten degrees by the middle of next century. If precautions are not taken and a renewable clean energy is not identified and new regulations/controls are not implemented to decrease or alter our usage of currently available fossil fuels and the destruction of forests worldwide then, our planet could become uninhabitable sooner than later. * An ever increasing range of options deemed necessary in counteracting the effects of global warming are becoming a mainstay in worldwide societies. Because of the recent attention Global Warming as a whole has received, activists are increasing their campaigns geared towards knowledge Of our environment and how it affects our daily lives. A good tarring point in the push towards awareness would be a sort of ‘rejuvenation campaign’ highlighting energy saving and even recycling especially in the context of today’s perilous economies. Governments could contribute by developing and supporting the production and generation of renewable energy which in turn is a good way of reducing greenhouse gases and the damaging effects of global warming. â€Å"New† renewable energy alternatives currently contribute only a tiny portion of the total energy demands. However, as with most new ideals and habits and given as much as twenty ears, full assimilation to include continuous use of these renewable resources show a future impact with better-than-expected projections because the increase in output may change key facto rs and make a more substantial dent in counteracting Greenhouse Effects. Some resources identified for development are ocean waves, wind, bio fuels, and other nature induced processes. The oceans have the potential to provide a significant percentage of energy output requirements and, ongoing studies are mapping this resource in great detail. Governments are increasingly looking towards mind power and other renewable energy sources to combat increasing greenhouse gases and curb global warming to acceptable levels. People are actually in favor of wind energy, but the environmental impact of wind farms could be a barrier to future developments especially with its inconsistent output factor. Global warming is now a major problem as the Earth’s population and industrial needs increase. When more greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane are released because of the needs of the population (and as an effect, heightened production from industries), they rap heat rays and keep them in the earth’s atmosphere which in turn spikes the temperature. These increases in the Earth’s temperature are what are causing the most damage to the planet; even small increases can have a significant, long term impact on our environment. Only a few degrees allegedly led to the end of the ice age over several thousand years ago. Another warming cycle like that could have a huge environmental effect on us causing glaciers to melt into ice caps, and effectively raising the levels of the world’s oceans. In order to stop global warming there’s a lot to maintain and ark on but the task is not going to be reversed completely. Humans need to take some of the first steps in healing our environment and stop capricious emissions of fossil fuels – our biggest factor in the amount of carbon dioxide in our atmosphere. Controlling these emissions is the first of many steps necessary that we must take in order to combat this potentially disastrous problem. If left unchecked and no controls are implemented now, then our lives and livelihood will no doubt be disrupted, drastically altered or completely disappear as a result of a mere change we could have made in our lily lives. It’s an unbearable thought if we cannot protect one of our most precious resources, our planet Earth.

Strategies of Emirates Airlines Marketing

Strategies of Emirates Airlines Marketing Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Strategies of Emirates Airlines Marketing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Abstract/Summary Emirates Airline is currently the largest airline company in the Middle East. This company was founded in the year 1985 (â€Å"Emirates Airline Profile†, 2012). The company is the â€Å"flagship and national airline of Dubai, United Arab Emirates† (â€Å"Emirates Airline Profile†, 2012, p.1). It is based outside the Dubai International Airport. Emirates Airline Company undertakes the operation of the four known longest flights across the globe and has â€Å"the largest order of A380 aircrafts† (â€Å"Emirates Airline Profile†, 2012). In the present day, this airline has more than one hundred destinations in over seventy nations across the world and has a fleet of over one hundred and eighty aircrafts (â€Å"The Emirates Story†, 2012). The company has been realizing constant expansion of its network even if it is fully owned by the state. Its growth has been realized through competition and not through state protection (â€Å"Emirates Airline Profile†, 2012). The company has been engaging in competition with the constantly increasing number of international airlines which capitalize on the â€Å"open-skies† policy that Dubai has put in place (â€Å"The Emirates Story†, 2012). The company’s success can be attributed to its effective marketing that enables it to win the competitive advantage and make profits (â€Å"The Emirates Story†, 2012). Putting place effective marketing strategies and methods have enabled the Emirates Airline Company to be very successful in the global market. Although the company has not been in business for a long time like most of its competitors, it has witnessed constant growth which has enabled it to become the leading airline in the Middle East and having destination s in all the continents of the world. Beginning from the time the company started its operations, it has been working hard to improve on its marketing in order to gain a higher market share.Advertising Looking for proposal on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The company has been using its innovative power to come up with the best marketing strategies that have enabled it to grow. However, with the ever advancing technology and coming up of new challenges with each coming day, there is need for the company to continue being innovative and keep on improving its marketing strategies to ensure they become the world’s leading airline and be able to remain at the top. This research will aim at identifying any loopholes that may be in the marketing methods and strategies that have been put in place by Emirates Airline and how to bridge them. Bridging these loopholes or gaps in the strategies will enable this company to improve its performance beyond the present state in order to meet the ever increasing challenges in the market. Relevant objectives as well as research objectives have been set up in this proposal which will serve to guide this research project. Objectives To investigate the Emirates airline’s advertisement and marketing methods and strategies that enable it to gain competitive advantages. To examine how Emirate Airline’s marketing affects its global success. To identify the marketing changes that have occured in the company beginning from the time the company was established to the present. Project Outcomes Emirates Airline Advertisements and Marketing Methods and Strategies It has been found out that this company engages in aggressive advertisement in order to increase its market share (Marketing strategy and customer satisfaction, 2012). As a way to realize customer attraction to the highest level possible, the company advertises itself by u sing a number of slogans. The strategies employed by this company are aimed at ensuring that there has been exploitation of a number of issues concerning the business environment. Among these company’s branding slogans has been â€Å"Fly Emirates†. Emirates Airline Company has been offered a quite unique environment to market its business operations by Dubai. Some of the other slogans that have been used by the company in the course of time include â€Å"’the Finest in the Sky’, ‘Be Good to Yourself by Fly Emirates’, Fly Emirates – Keep Flying’, and ‘When was the last time you did something for yourself’† (Kumar 2012, p.1). Basing on the researches that have been conducted in the past about the use of the slogans by business organizations, it has been found out that some of the slogans used contribute quite positively towards the business performance by these organizations (Marketing strategy and customer sat isfaction, 2012).Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Strategies of Emirates Airlines Marketing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is pointed out that customers tend to abide by business slogans which seem to point out or deal with the needs that the company can meet (Marketing strategy and customer satisfaction, 2012). In the course of time, the Emirates Airline Company has been using the business slogans to hit back at other slogans used by the competitors which had exhibited themselves as being the best airline companies. Such business slogans as â€Å"’Be Good to yourself’ and ‘when was the last time you did something for yourself’ by the Emirates Airline ensure that customers feel treasured and cared for† (Marketing strategy and customer satisfaction, 2012, p.1). Just like most other airlines, Emirate Airline has engaged in diversifying the operations it carries out in various industries that are related. This approach has been used by the company in order to make sure that there is capitalizing on any other potential opportunity. It is reported that, in the past this company has utilized the â€Å"Flex-tracks program† with an intention of planning and fully optimizing the efficiency of a number of business routes as well as load factor (Marketing strategy and customer satisfaction, 2012). According to other reports, it has been found out that another strategy used by this company is the utilization of what is referred to as â€Å"tailored arrivals† and this strategy has been employed in putting the uplinks to aircrafts on route under control 9 Marketing strategy and customer satisfaction, 2012). For airline companies to bring up the level of their efficiencies of their operations, most of them in different parts of the world bring down the level of costs by making use of aircrafts like Boeing 777-3000ER. Such an aircraft makes use of one en gine â€Å"to taxi aircraft engine thus increasing the efficiency of the whole process† (Marketing strategy and customer satisfaction, 2012, p.1).Advertising Looking for proposal on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is true to point out that the Emirates Airline Company has actually been able to put itself in a quite strategic position within the industry. The constant flourishing of the business market in Dubai and this nation’s constant cooperation with the rest of the world has gone on contributing towards Emirates airline’s improved performance. However, according to the researches that have been conducted, it has been clear that customer satisfaction levels in a large number of the airline companies have remained low (Marketing strategy and customer satisfaction, 2012). As a result of this, customers across the world have turned out to be â€Å"switchers†; moving their loyalties from one company to the other, on a constant basis. They move with a hope that they would possibly come across an honest company that they could trust. In the airlines industry, customer satisfaction involves making sure that the clients are given the services about which they have expectati ons of obtaining from the company on the basis of the price they pay for these services. This also involves making sure that clients arrive at their respective destinations via the shortest route available in the shortest time and at a minimum cost possible. Emirates Airline has been making efforts to capitalize on the existing opportunities and this company has been doing this by ensuring that it positions itself as the excellent global carrier since this airline by-passes some of the well-known hubs as it moves to various other destinations across the world (Marketing strategy and customer satisfaction, 2012) Another strategy that can be employed in order to realize customer satisfaction has involved finding out from the customers in a direct manner in order to be in a position of getting to know what the actual needs of these customers may be. The use of technology has as well been implemented to a high level to make sure there is integration of the needs of the customers into th e business operations in the shortest time and at a lowest cost possible (Marketing strategy and customer satisfaction, 2012, p.1). A number of measures have been taken to make sure that there is receiving by the company’s management of the feedbacks that are given by the clients. These feedbacks may be in line with a number of issues that arise in the company which may be linked to the customer satisfaction either in a direct manner or an indirect one (Marketing strategy and customer satisfaction, 2012). As another strategy, this company engaged in launching a global campaign referred to as â€Å"Kids Go for Free† which has been very successful. Under this campaign the two parents can travel with two kids who are below the age 16 years without paying for them. A discount is also given to these families at the biggest shopping malls within Dubai (Emirates Airline, 2010). From this initiative, it can be seen that children are turning out to be most vital client groups i n a number of industries. It is reported that the â€Å"Kids Go Free† promotion was quite successful in 2009 and served to attract more than twenty thousand travelers originating from seventy countries having Dubai as their destination. Basing on a particular survey in relation to this campaign, it was found that â€Å"the average family of four from Europe could save as much as 3000 pounds by taking advantage of the offer† (Bundhun, 2010). Other than the campaign enabling this company to increase its profitability, it also enabled the families to save large amounts of money. It is reported that, it was not only Emirates Airline that had knowledge about how important the kids market can be but an increasing number of companies also engaged in launching this campaign in order to increase their performance level as well the â€Å"customer awareness index† (McNeal, 1999). The campaign served in assisting Emirates Airline specifically and Dubai in general, to distin guish themselves as â€Å"cost-competitive alternative to other destinations† (Kotler, Bowen, Makens, 2010). This promotion left a great impact in that the companies in the airlines industry came to a realization of the way to utilize the products of kids in order to draw the attention of families and give encouragement to the parents to engage in purchasing. This campaign is healthy for the domestic tourism and in the year 2008, it made a direct contribution of nineteen percent to the GDP of Dubai (Bundhun, 2010). How Emirates Airline Marketing affects their Global Success Over eight hundred Emirates aircrafts leave Dubai every week to other destinations across the world (Calleja, 2009). It is reported that this company’s flight form about forty percent of the total number of flight movements from and into Dubai and at some point, the Emirates Airline, was targeting to bring up their market share to about seventy percent by the year 2010 without having to compromise their standing for quality (Calleja, 2009, p.3). It is also important to point out that value creation and goal achievement are very vital strategic principles in the process of globalization. This company has been constantly undertaking its operation with an aim of making their services better in the global market. In the recent past, this company realized a fresh milestone as â€Å"it touched down to vibrant beats of African drums at Cape Town – its 100th global destination in South Africa and also launched a new service to Brazil; a daily non-stop Dubai-Sao Paulo operation effective 1st July 2008† (Travel Daily News, 2008, p.1). According to Calleja (2009), â€Å"attracting customers is the major strategic global principle†( p.3). This company has all the time been seeking fresh ways to innovate. The company engaged in opening innovative lounge at the â€Å"Brisbane International Airport† thus â€Å"unveiling the facility that offers a stunning 360 de gree view and is the first airline lounge in Australia capable of boarding passengers directly to the aircraft, including the upper deck of the Airbus A380† (Travel Daily News,2008, p.1). This brings in convenience to the clients and therefore it is a great achievement especially in regard to offering quality and superior value attainment by the customers in comparison with other companies in the industry. In its marketing, Emirates Airline has also used what is referred to as â€Å"global aviation strategy† (Calleja, 2009, p.3). This marketing strategy has enabled the company to achieve success in the global market. In the course of the last one and a half decades, the â€Å"Dubai International Airport† has immensely grown to become among the greatest hubs in the global aviation. The strategy has been employed by the Emirates Airline Company basing on the fact that â€Å"its planes can reach any point on the globe nonstop from Dubai and can connect any two city pairs with just one stop in the Middle East† (International Herald Tribune, 2007, p.1). This company is reported to be having a geographic advantage over all other companies in the industry and â€Å"within eight thousand miles, they can reach something like 80% of the world† (Calleja, 2009, p.3). Marketing Changes in Emirates Airline Company from its Establishment until Now There has been integration of a number of strategies in this company’s marketing strategies in the course of time (Marketing strategy and customer satisfaction, 2012). There is a great correlation between marketing concepts within the airline industry and the marketing strategies which are chiefly utilized in such other industries as the hotel industry and tourism among others across the world. Just recently, Emirates Airline flourished after making sure the focus of their services is put on the â€Å"target market† (Marketing strategy and customer satisfaction, 2012, p.1). It is repo rted that at the time the year 2000 was ending, this company had plans to come up with a â€Å"very ultra-long-haul service† (Marketing strategy and customer satisfaction, 2012, p.1). The plan for this service is that it be situated in the â€Å"East coast and the West Coast part of the United States of America† (Marketing strategy and customer satisfaction, 2012, p.1). There were also plans to have more services in Argentina and Australia. It is also reported that â€Å"Fly Emirates business strategies employed in the recent past have seen the business organization overall output increase and the specific traffic flow rate increase to twenty percent from the year 1999 to the year 2000† (Marketing strategy and customer satisfaction, 2012, p.1). Seven years ago, in 2005, this company commenced on its operations of the airline to the New York City and this was on a continuous basis. Emirates Airline strategy put in place in this regard enabled the company to comme nce undertaking operation of A340-500 flight to JFK airport. In the course of time, the company has also realized creation of several partnerships with some airlines in the Delter airlines and in the U.S (Marketing strategy and customer satisfaction, 2012, p.1). The initiation of such operations was undertaken in 2001.The enhancement of the company’s growth has been realized through implementation of various strategies in the past. By the year 2007, Emirates Airline was able to mark its â€Å"new non-stop air operation services between most of its major destinations† (Marketing strategy and customer satisfaction, 2012, p.1). The company has also been able to continuously capture traffic to Southern Asia as well as North America. By the company introducing Airbus A380-800, this served as a great move towards making sure it has a better performance within the business market. The strategy put in place in order to ensure creation of additional space in flights played a bi g role in enabling the company to achieve significantly higher profits resulting from the flights between Bangkok and Dubai 9 Marketing strategy and customer satisfaction, 2012). Why the Interest in the Project Considering that there is continued complication as well as competition witnessed in the airline industry, it is important that the marketing methods and strategies that have been and are currently used by the Emirates Airline Company be examined in order for any gaps that are there in these strategies be established and necessary changes which need to be carried out be implemented and submissions of proposals be made to the management. Indeed, this research will be beneficial not only to the Emirates Airline Company but also to the investors into the industry as well as shareholders and stakeholders in making sure that they receive maximum gains from this company. I am also interested in this research project because it will offer very important information that relate to th e present situation of the business market in which airlines carry out their operations. This information that will be obtained will also be helpful in the optimization of real performance of the small as well as big businesses. Questions to be answered What are the Emirates airline’s greatest competitive advantages? What are the biggest challenges that Emirates Airline encounter in their operations both in the local and global market in relation to their marketing strategies? In what ways do the Emirate Airline’s present marketing methods and strategies give a reflection of its future targets within the market? Research Methods The methods that will be used in this research will involve the use of primary data as well as secondary data collection. Considering primary data, this will be dependent of data collection from the company regarding the strategies they use with the objective of winning the competitive advantage through customer satisfaction. The opinion of t he clients and the potential clients will be collected. A number of opinions of various stakeholders will be put into consideration. The administering of questionnaires will play a big role in making sure that the different respondents who might be in different locations and those that cannot be reached physically can still take part in this research. Research design Since the Emirates airline is a multinational company that serves wide array of clients across the globe, it is imperative to note that it has numerous employees and clients from various locations across the globe. Therefore, a suitable research design will be required as part of methodology in order to address this kind of diversity (Creswell 1994, p. 76). Therefore, a well designed and suitable research methodology will have to incorporate a thorough research study in order to understand how employees are motivated at the Emirates Airlines. Therefore, the research design that will be applied will take into considerati on the number of employees in the company and how employees are represented in the company both regionally and continentally. In addition, the research design to be employed will address all the major international airports and offices of the company that can be used to facilitate communication. This kind of information will be useful as part of the research design because it will enhance gathering of primary data and subsequent analyses. Due to the complex nature of the ethical and cultural practices experienced at the Emirates Airlines, a qualitative research design will be utilized in order to map out expenses to be incurred in the process of conducting this research study (Doganis 2002, p.54). Besides, more focus will be laid on the descriptive research method so that the acquired data can be understood. It is important to reiterate that this kind of research design is highly suitable for the study because it gives more emphasis on the much needed information when the actual res earch study will be conducted. In addition, the qualitative approach will be used to carry out the methodology part of this research study. As a matter of fact, there will be a well defined method of collecting data from the field. Data collection Data collection is an integral part when conducting any research study. This study aims to collect the much needed data using various methods. However, the mode of data collection will have to be compatible with the research design that was chosen above (Hiatt Creasey 2003, p.163). Therefore, the aforementioned descriptive research design will employ survey as one of the methods of data collection. The use of survey method in data collection will be made possible through well designed questionnaires. The latter will save both time and expenses needed to collect raw data from the field. Some of the suggested interview questions that will be contained in the questionnaire include: Are you satisfied as an employee at Emirates Airlines? Woul d you move away from the Emirates Airlines if you secure another job opportunity? What are the outstanding attributes of this company? Kindly enlist them. Do you feel like working with Emirates Airlines on every single day? What motivates you at workplace? Primary and Secondary Data Sources That are Intended to Be Used in This Project The primary data collection will involve obtaining information about the strategies that are employed by this company in order to realize customer satisfaction. A direct response from the interviewees through the use of the questionnaires will make it possible for the researcher to formulate, in sufficient manner, a perfect understanding of how efforts geared towards realizing customer satisfaction can be carried out. Moreover, primary data will make it possible for the researcher to be in a position of obtaining the up-to-date information that will assist in comparing between the past data sources and the sources which are the most recent. The second ary data sources will include journals, websites and information in books and sources written on Emirates airline. This information will be very important in the identification of a number of roles that have been played by a number of stakeholders in dealing with all concerns that are linked to different marketing strategies used within the airline industry. There will be availing of a number of issues concerned with the most effective marketing strategies, which have formerly been used and their success patterns through comprehensive studying of the sources which are available, containing the secondary data. Gantt Chart Task Person(s) Responsible Start Date End Date Questionnaire Drafting Researcher (Myself) 01 Oct 10thOct Data Collection Researcher (Myself) 11thOct 18thOct Data Analysis Researcher (Myself) 19stOct 30 Oct Dissertation Writing Researcher (Myself) 01 Nov 10 Nov References Bundhun, R., 2010. Double the â€Å"Kids go free† on holidays to Dubai. Web . Calleja, J., 2009. Global business – case study: Emirates Airline. Web. Emirates Airline Profile, 2012. Web. Creswell, J. W. 1994. Research design: qualitative quantitative approaches, Sage Publications, New York. Doganis, R. 2002. Flying off course: the economics of international airlines, Routledge, New York. Emirates Airline, 2010. Family focus for Dubai and Emirate airline this summer. Web. Hiatt, J. Creasey, T. J. 2003. Change management: the people side of change, Prosci Learning Center, Madison. International Herald Tribune, 2007. As other airline suffer, Emirate Airline prospers. Web. Kotler, P., Bowen, T. B., Makens, C. J., 2010. Marketing for hospitality and tourism, Pearson Education Inc., New Jersey. Kumar, C., 2012. Emirates. Web. Marketing strategy and customer satisfaction, 2012. Web. McNeal, J. U., 1999. The kids market: myths and realities, Paramount Market Publishing, New York. The Emirates Story, 2012. Web. Travel Daily News, 2008. Emirates increases B razil service to daily. Web.

How does the case of the 'Guildford Four' Illustrate the weaknesses of Coursework

How does the case of the 'Guildford Four' Illustrate the weaknesses of utilitarianism when used as the moral guide of the State - Coursework Example Based on how the consequences of a human action could create happiness for human beings is merely a pure achievement of pleasure and prevention of pain (Kemerling 2002; Bentham 1789, p. 1). When estimating the moral status of human actions1, Bentham argued that the measurement of hedonistic value of human actions should be based on certainty and uncertainty, purity and extent of human actions, the intensity of pleasure and the duration wherein the sense of pleasure could last including the collateral benefits of the human action in order to prevent collateral harm (Timmons 2002, pp. 106 – 108; Dibie 1988, p. 315). It means that the experiencing pleasure and pain are classified as intrinsically good and bad respectively. With regards to political philosophy, Bentham’s proposed utilitarianism considers the happiness based on pleasure such that the happiness of the entire community and/or society as a whole is more important as compared to the happiness or self-interest of a single person. With this in mind, the principle of utility as suggested by Bentham means that the moral obligation of each individual should be based on â€Å"the greatest happiness of the greatest number of people affected by human actions† (Kenny 1998, pp. 283 – 284). In other words, Bentham’s strongly believe that the human actions and social institutions should aim at promoting the greatest utility – happiness and pleasure (Crisp 1997, p. 2). Since the greatest happiness should be for the greatest number of people, government corruption is considered as intrinsically bad since only few minorities among the government officials could enjoy the pleasure of having substantial amount of money due to misuse of political power and legal rights. At the... The act of judging whether or not a given action is morally right or wrong is considered a very complex situation. Specifically the case of the 'Guildford Four' illustrates the weaknesses of utilitarianism when used as the moral guide of the state. In judging whether or not human action is intrinsically right (good) or wrong (evil), the role of the public policymakers comes in. As stated by Sir William Blackstone, â€Å"It is better to let ten guilty men go free than to wrongly incarcerate one innocent man†. Because of the increasing number of wrongful conviction in UK, developing a set of political rules in the form of law will not always lead to actions that are morally good. One way or the other, developing a set of political rules the the form of creating a legal system may only serve as a scapegoating tactics in the case of the true criminals. As compared to the theory of utilitarianism, the concept of deontology is totally different in the sense that deontology remains f ocus on judging an action by observing the righteousness or wrongness of an action regardless of whether the end result of the action is good or evil (Nishukan 2007). Instead of taking into consideration the end-result of an action, Immanuel Kant suggest the use of deontology more than the classical utilitarianism since deontology judges moral issues by carefully examining the type of actions being committed by a person

Final assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Final assignment - Essay Example The amount of arable farmland in China continues to decline sharply even as the region faces yet another problem, which is water shortage (Imura 93). This paper will examine some of the ways China is trying to curb the recent trends, and what it might mean to the future of the region if these techniques do not work. In order to be an economic powerhouse, the country has to have its affairs in order so as to be able to control most of what it imports into the region. The fact that arable farmland is diminishing and water shortages are becoming rife, the region may soon be faced with problems its citizens or government may not be fully equipped to handle. A recent report by the Minister of the National Development and Reform Commission, Zhang Ping, indicates that the severe shortages of the reserve farmlands and water resources present the biggest challenges to ensuring food security for the region. Urbanization that is considered to be rather rapid and natural disasters are said to be among the top reasons why the region is losing cultivatable or arable land, thus; making it a herculean task to save the remaining percentage of land that is still cultivatable (Imura 97). China’s National Bureau of Statistics indicates that China is responsible for 20pc of the globe’s population. However, only 7pc of this has been recorded as cultivatable land. It goes on to claim that; of the over 130 million hectares of arable land that was present in China in 1996, there was only a little over 120 million hectares left by the year 2008. Bank of America has, unfortunately, claimed that China has already bypassed the 120 million hectare mark, meaning that only 115 million will be available by the year 2015. China, at the moment, can only boast of having less than 5 million hectares of land as reserve farmland (Imura 101). Further statistics by an agricultural consultancy firm indicate that there is need to maintain or preserve the remaining 120 million

Complexity of managing an organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Complexity of managing an organization - Essay Example The cost of production should be kept at most fifty percent of the total cost for the vision of the organization to be achieved. On innovation and learning perspective, the Chief Information Officer should be responsible for making sure that the organization upgrades and the value constantly increasing. He or She should look for ways of action to take to ensure this goal is attained. Focusing on financial aspect, the Chief Information Officer should position make sure the organization in positioned well in the shareholder’s perpective.He or she should prioritize accurate and timely funding for the business (Pearlson & Saunders, 27).Question two.A diagnostic assistant is an example where artificial intelligence is applied. The aid the human beings identify problems and give suggestions on the restoration or treatment to solve the problems. A Turing test for this is an electrician’s assistant that proses what may be wrong in the premise, such as a default fuse, destroyed switch light or a burnt out light given some signs of electrical complications. Medical diagnostician   is another example of artificial intelligence   that discovers impending diseases, useful tests and suitable treatments based on knowledge of a specific medical domain a patients symptoms and history. This assistant should be capable of explaining its reasoning to the individual carrying out the tests and repairs and who is eventually responsible for their actions.Bullwhip effect is a perceived occurrence in forecast-driven delivery channel.

Negative Effects of Technology on Society

Negative Effects of Technology on Society Negative Effects of Technology There is no doubt that technology is playing a critical role in developing societies as countries depend on it in all disciplines of life. Countries all over the globe are competing to invent and develop the highest technological devices that can maintain the highest efficiency and accuracy of the work. Starting from 1980s, people started to use technology every day. The use of technology kept rising dramatically that people used it in tiny things. That overuse resulted in many negatives. There are many negative effects of overusing of technology on societies but the three major effects could be health problems, privacy problems and social problems. One of the negative sides of the rapid use of technology on societies is the health issue. There is no doubt that the technology is getting better and spreading around the world. That led societies to deal with it almost every day to get their work done resulting in many issues. These issues can mainly be divided into two main categories which are mental health problems and physical health problems. First of which is the physical health problem, there are many physical health issues that caused by dealing with technology but the critical ones are weaken the eyesight. People who usually deal with computers for a long periods of time like programmers suffer from blurry vision and eye soreness. According to Tripp (2013), people who usually use computers for long terms experience serious issues such as soreness of the eyes and blurring the vision. That can be clearly seen since eyes have to concentrate all the time on the screen that emits dangerous radiations that affects the eyes criti cally leading the eyes to start dropping tears which can make the eye blurry. Resulting in soreness of the eyes on long terms. In addition, technology can cause mental problems for some. Some people who usually spend hours dealing with TVs and Computers without interacting with people get discouraged and get an independent behavior which results in fear of talking to people resulting them to suffer from mental disease called anxiety. Unfortunately nowadays, parents are exposing their children to technology without taking in consideration the cruel effects of such an action. Causing their children to suffer from many mental diseases. Crawford (2011) mentioned that due to spending huge amounts of time; huge number of children were diagnosed by di polar disorder, anxiety and depression resulting in using enormous amounts of psychotropic medications. That can be clearly seen since the parents does not take in consideration that technology isolate the child from the outer world thus they get mental diseases. To sum up, technology has double edged effects which are mental and physical problems. The second negative effect of overuse of technology on the society is the deprivation of privacy and security. As the world experiencing many advancements in the technology it is also facing problems of privacy and security that can strip the world from personal information. Firstly, privacy issues. Privacy problems are considered as one of the critical issues. Privacy issues are concerned with tracking locations and spying on information. It is very easy for professionals to trace and spy on any electronic device that connects to a network by simply tracking the IP location using programs then establishing connections by dominating over foibles resulting in accessing data of the user. For example, some advertising websites can track location, watch what users do and see what the users like and dislike by s doing a survey of which products are more preferred, while some countries usually spy on another countries to maintain its internal security and spy on extremely important informa tion. According to Thai serves group (2012), minister of communication in Iran mentioned that the western are spying on the internet resulting in spreading of corruption. That is clearly seen since the west have more advanced instruments that can track and spy on anyone in the world with high accuracy. In addition to privacy problems, security problems can negatively affect anyone in the world, it is concerned with stealing of information. It is known that information of users of any website are saved in cloud storage of the website. Professionals aim for that cloud storage. If it is not well secured all of users information including ID and passwords will be threatened. For example, if a professional hacker login a bank database, he would cause a fatal damage to the users and the bank, running away leaving almost no trace. â€Å"Computer predators† (n.d.) mentioned that while computers are connected to the internet, hackers send malwares to seek for financial information and transfer it to them. That can be clearly seen since many hackers have used these malwares to penetrate banks systems in the west. Wrapping up, technology affects dramatically on the privacy and security The third negative effect of overuse of technology on societies is the social issue. Through these years technology was getting more advanced not only in business and work fields but for numerous number of fields. One of these important fields that gains enormous amount of profit is the games field, which has been modified many times to make the games more realistic and has more similarities to the real life. Games are so realistic that killing and other disgusting scenes are included in games. The serious effects of games can be divided into two main categories which are temper fluctuating and lack of social skills .Firstly, due to killing and blood scenes in the games aggression spread among all the teenagers. According to Alamy (2012), teens who usually play brutal games become extremely aggressive. That can be clearly seen because watching such dangerous scenes make the teenagers or children more likely to attack people or cause critical damage to their friends in schools or in n eighborhood. In addition to aggression, lack of social skills is another result of overuse of technology. Sitting all the day working on electronics such as computers could isolate the person. It is clear that technology boosted communications by easily contacting anyone by just pressing a button. But in fact it is responsible for the rapid loss of the relationships. Nowadays some people could be having a date and they are actually sitting next to each other but in reality they are not having any kind of contact. According to Howarth (2014), children social skills are decreasing dramatically because of spending long periods of time interacting with technology. That is clear because the more the child is attached to technology the less his social skills will be. Wrapping up, technology affects socializing of children. Finally, technology was made to serve the world but people used it in intensive levels that it caused serious problems that are health problems, privacy problems and social problems. Health problems are considered as critical issues which affects mental and physical health of the user. Moreover, privacy is negatively affected due to spying and stealing of information of users. Furthermore, socializing is affected by rapid change of temper and lack of social skills. People should spend less time and communicate with each other and use technology in rates that it doesn’t hurt people to avoid getting any problems in the future. Word Count -1198

Beatrice of William Shakespeares Much Ado About Nothing Essay examples

Beatrice of William Shakespeare's Much Ado About Nothing One of the most intriguing characters from Shakespeare’s Much Ado About Nothing must be Beatrice. An intelligent, well-spoken (and, perhaps more interesting, outspoken) young woman, she is an almost exact opposite of her cousin, Hero. What makes Beatrice so different than what one expects of a woman during Shakespeare’s time? Why did Shakespeare decide to make her such a strong female character? It begs the question of what women were actually like in the Tudor era, and if she was really so radical a character. Beatrice is very different than the common expectation of women by people looking back on Shakespeare’s period and of the public of Shakespeare’s time in many ways. As previously stated, she is outspoken, intelligent and does not wish to be married. This is strange, considering that around the time that Shakespeare was writing (give or take a few hundred years), women were being restricted in their studies, writing and in society (Wiesner, 3). There are many examples of women being restricted by the law in society, as Merry E. Wiesner stated in her essay: In regard to the basic obligations and duties of citizenship, little distinction was made between men and women; all heads of households were required to pay taxes†¦ and obey all laws. Beyond that, however, there were clear legal restrictions on what the female half of the population could do. Women differed from men in their ability to be witnesses, make wills, act as guardians for their own children†¦ These limitations appear in the earliest extant law codes and were sharpened and broadened as the law codes themselves were expanded. (4) With societal views such as this, it was no doubt odd to see such a... ... even a bit closer to the ideals about women presented at the time. In many ways, Beatrice is ahead of her time as far as how she is presented. In other ways, though, she is no different than real women, and is simply a representation of those real women on the stage (such as Queen Elizabeth I). Though she is almost the exact opposite of her more mainstream idea cousin, Hero, Beatrice is not so taboo or radical when it comes down to a deeper inspection of women, society and her character. Works Cited Marcus, Leah S. â€Å"Shakespeare’s Comic Heroines, Elizabeth I, and the Political Uses of Androgyny.† Women in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. pp 135-153 Shakespeare, William. Much Ado About Nothing. Sim, Alison. The Tudor Housewife. pp 3, 126. Wiesner, Merry E. â€Å"Women’s Defense of Their Public Role.† Women in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. pp 1-27.

Motivation for Advanced Level Esl Learning Essay

In recent years, TESOL has called for the study of the social and cognitive factors that affect adult English learners’ participation in formal language learning. Numerous research projects have investigated the motivational influences and factors of adult immigrant English. In particular, factors and motivations which led them to take an advanced ESL courses after already having adequate fluency in English to conduct their work and daily lives. Using both qualitative and quantitative approaches, these studies have frequently uncovered that the ESL students opted to pursue advanced language training to, primarily, join the dominant language culture and community. Practical reasons, although very important to the learners, seem to be outweighed by the psychological drive to integrate into the culture. Social identity often proves to be the major factor in this process as student motivation often fostered by a self perceived difference between their current and desired identities as assimilated speakers of their new language. Fundamentally they saw language education as an essential transitional requisite for attainment of this preferred identity. Introduction The study of TESOL, which can trace its roots applied linguistics, occasionally failed to think about many non-linguistic aspects and situations of use which can influence learning. A large part of this knowledge, though, collected through education and psychology investigations could be applied to the groups of people and areas of interest being considered in TESOL. In places such as California second-language English users make up 63% of the target adult learners and almost a third in the country overall (Lasater and Elliott, 2004). The literature studied below begins by recapping major endeavors of psychology and education investigation so as to establish a baseline of student’s imperatives to learn. The study later focuses on motivation studies in linguistics related to ESL attainment and advancement. Part 2 Andragogy and Self-Motivation Andragogy  Review of the Literature Adult Learning from a Social Cognitive Perspective The foundation of adult learning theory was established in Lindeman (1926) who identified important distinctions between adult and child learning. These ideas were later developed by Knowles (1990) and constitute the hypothetical learning model dubbed andragogy. Andragogy, a mode of education starkly contrary pedagogy, which is characterized by children being instructed by adults in a directed and authoritarian environment. Knowles posited that because of significant psychological and physiological differences between youth and adult learners, the modes of educational motivation must be equally disparate. Knowles’s teachings are very well regarded in the education worldwide. Psychological metamorphosis in adult life, human factors brought to the learning situation, adult outside world demands, and life duties distinct from children’s, particularly a greater breadth of life encounters, varied incentives, and educational requirements all act in concert to create a distinctly different mode of motivation for adult learners. In particular, adult learning, per Knowles (1990), is predicated upon six vital components: 1. Justification for learning, that is, the rationale for desiring the education, before pursuing it. 2. Transformation of the adult concept of the self into that of an independent, self-directed human being. 3. Life experience that influences the adult body of accumulated knowledge, desires as well as being a component factor of self awareness. 4. Developmental willingness and practical feasibility relating to the synchronized pacing of learning experiences to their appropriate phases of emotional maturation. . Problem-centered approach of learning which can immediately be applied to real-life situations. 6. Self-motivation to learn by self-generated factors, as opposed to externally imposed requirements Kolb (1984) offered an expanded depiction of the process as a self-perpetuating process where actual events necessitate a review, analysis leading to later research and proper scientific revi ew. The learner’s assimilation into a different culture and society facilitates creation of educational desires with eventual engagement in a formalized educational environment as a key to attaining the desires. Learning occurs in myriad encounters/interactions with the student’s world in psychological process. In a social context, the actual knowledge gained is not so much seen as an acquisition but more as one of externalization. A way to get out of one’s self and into their new environment. Cognition of facts occurs which is a pro-active, relevant, and meaningful adult response to confusion created by previous discontinuity. A disjuncture can serve as â€Å"the point at which needs and wants and interests converge† . as well as an origin point for jumping into the learning process. By extending this idea to immigrant experiences, it seems as though basic everyday activity changes caused from immersion in a society which communicates in a foreign tongue, and made all the more real by the imperative to become functional in this society, can create disjuncture in their lives and compel them to pursue ESL education so as to not be overwhelmed. While many will pursue language education at once, others may find that language disjunctures happen later in their lives when greater proficiency beyond basic functional skills is required for a variety of reasons. Knowledge deficits plus a developed self-concept grounded within a cultural milieu can generate pressing need – a need to learn. Self-Motivation There are many different definitions for Motivation. In an educational context, one of the more comprehensive and useful definitions is from John Keller’s 1983 publication called Motivational Design of Instruction: â€Å"the choices people make as to what experiences or goals they will approach or avoid, and the degree of effort they will exert in that respect† (Keller, 1983). Motivation is mercurial in nature. Keller identified a perception of applicability of the learning presented as fundamental for maintaining long-term motivation. Relevance exceeds the subject’s education requirements to encompass perceptions of satisfaction desired through the process in fulfilling psychological imperative senses of achievement, belonging, power and freedom. Encountering disappointment during a learning situation can dissipate motivation and possible cause learned helplessness (Bandura, 1982; deCharms, 1984; Weiner, 1984) or dismotivation going beyond mere discouragement. Educational psychology accepts that motivation also varies because of varied contexts in which learning occurs. Studies have brought to light additional connections between the act of learning a language and the evolving perspective of learners in the L2 environment. Peirce (1995) introduced the idea that acquisition of proficiency in a dominant language allowed learnersr to â€Å"acquire a wider range of symbolic and material resources [and] increase the value of [the learners’] cultural capital†. Sfard & Prusak (2005) insinuated that the learning itself is closing the gap between learners’ actual and projected identities. Qualitative studies offer a model of language learning motivation which is dynamic, longitudinal process whereby learners’ cognitions and beliefs (Ushioda, 2001), and relevance of the curriculum to their interests (Syed, 2001) directly affect involvement in learning. Part 3 Language Learners vs Second Language Learners Linguists only recently have begun distinguishing foreign language students from second language students when studying their drive to pursue language education and have proposed â€Å"the dynamics involved in learning these two different types of language may be quite different† (Gardner, 2001). To date, the great majority of these studies are in foreign language (FL) classes. Gardener’s quote was actually taken from a volume containing 20 separate motivation studies, none of which contained ESL students. ESL students, for whom English was a gateway ability for study in different subjects or earning a university degree, were more compelled by exterior forces to learn than heritage and non-heritage EFL learners. A motivation survey of 580 adult immigrants at a local college based ESL program in Toronto rated the following motives highest: linguistic needs, basic skills, cultural awareness, social interaction, and resume writing (Paper, 1990). It found no significant difference in motives based age, duration of residence or level of education. The influence of integrative orientation in the data compelled the author to recommend including Canadian culture in the curriculum. Conscious intention of immigrating to the U. S. was another motivating factor for language learning in a separate exploration conducted on adult learners (Brilliant, Lvovich, and Markson, 1995). Student’s beliefs seem to fill a vital role in adult learning accomplishments, consistent with educational psychology, thus making them ideal subjects for motivation research. A particular study, Bernat (2003), examined the views of 20 unemployed Vietnamese learners in a vocational ESL course in Sydney, Australia. Their scores were high on two motivations: 85% of respondents expressed the integrative desire to develop their interpersonal relations with the Australians better and make friends among them, and all agreed that speaking English well would enhance their prospects for employment. Part 4 The Attitude Motivation Test Battery (AMTB)  This is a large battery of tests which measures a number of different aspects of language learning. The instrument was originally used to measure attitudes of students studying English and French in Canada. Scales included attitudes toward French Canadians, interest in foreign languages, attitudes toward European French people, attitudes toward learning French, integrative orientation, instrumental orientation, anxiety, parental encouragement, motivational intensity, and desire to learn French. The scale instrument has been modified more recently. The Attitude/Motivation Test Battery (AMTB) is designed to measure different components of the socio-educational model of SLA. There are eleven sub-tests, nine with ten items each, and two with four items. The five main variables assessed in the AMTB are attitudes toward the learning situation, integrativeness, motivation, instrumentality and language anxiety.