Pallas Athene Versus Minerva :: essays research papers

genus Athene Athene Versus MinervaThe Goddess genus Athene has been an fabulously well-liked mythologicalcharacter for centuries because of her daedal personality and the values whichare taught through her actions. The powerful Goddess has been generally thoughtof as being the identical person in both Greek and roman type stories alike, but this isnot true. Athena was looked upon and spoken of very differently in Roman andGreek myths, though she remains with the same basic personality traits in bothcultures. Rome acquired its stories of mythology and religion from the Italians(who derived their beliefs from the Greeks), and therefore most of the myths ofdeities were the same as the Greeks, but with a few changes. The Italians alsogave the Romans stories of Diana, Hercules, Venus, and a few minor characters.The Greeks came active with their Gods from past ancient cultures, weaving insome of their own characteristics as time went on.Pallas Athena (the name Pallas being that of her best friend, whom she out of the blue killed while practicing with spears) in both cultures is the patronGoddess of arts and crafts, weaving, the olive tree, overseer of Athens, andespecially of Wisdom/War. Because the Greek culture was ane of intelligence,sophistication and knowledge, Their version of Athena was mainly of a logicaland sensible person, who would avoid a fight if possible. The Romans, who werea society of warlike men, focused on Minervas war capabilities and short temper. both(prenominal) cultures focused on the parts of the Gods which were most like themselvesand best suited their needs.For the Greeks, the Gray-Eyed Goddess was not associated with specificpeople except for Her rivals. The Romans, however, create a group of Immortalsinto the Capitoline triad, consisting of Jupiter, Juno and Minerva. These collarassumed a supreme place in the Roman religion, acting like a Jury of Watchersover the mortals. The Romans reinforced a temple in honor of the Triad, named theTemple of Jupiter Capitolinus, which was built in 509 BC.In conclusion, I have been able to see how these two civilizations haveviewed unity part of their religion and wherefore they do so. There were logicalreasons for their viewing of Athene, most of which were based on their strengthsPallas Athene Versus Minerva essays research papers Pallas Athene Versus MinervaThe Goddess Athena has been an incredibly well-liked mythologicalcharacter for centuries because of her complex personality and the values whichare taught through her actions. The powerful Goddess has been generally thoughtof as being the same person in both Greek and Roman stories alike, but this isnot true. Athena was looked upon and spoken of very differently in Roman andGreek myths, though she remains with the same basic personality traits in bothcultures. Rome acquired its stories of mythology and religion from the Italians(who derived their beliefs from the Greeks), and therefore most of the myths ofdeities were the same as the Greeks, but with a few changes. The Italians alsogave the Romans stories of Diana, Hercules, Venus, and a few minor characters.The Greeks came about with their Gods from past ancient cultures, weaving insome of their own characteristics as time went on.Pallas Athena (the name Pallas being that of her best friend, whom sheaccidentally killed while practicing with spears) in both cultures is the patronGoddess of arts and crafts, weaving, the olive tree, overseer of Athens, andespecially of Wisdom/War. Because the Greek culture was one of intelligence,sophistication and knowledge, Their version of Athena was mainly of a logicaland sensible person, who would avoid a fight if possible. The Romans, who werea society of warlike men, focused on Minervas war capabilities and short temper.Both cultures focused on the parts of the Gods which were most like themselvesand best suited their needs.For the Greeks, the Gray-Eyed Goddess was not associated with specificpeople ex cept for Her rivals. The Romans, however, formed a group of Immortalsinto the Capitoline triad, consisting of Jupiter, Juno and Minerva. These threeassumed a supreme place in the Roman religion, acting like a Jury of Watchersover the mortals. The Romans built a temple in honor of the Triad, named theTemple of Jupiter Capitolinus, which was built in 509 BC.In conclusion, I have been able to see how these two civilizations haveviewed one part of their religion and why they do so. There were logicalreasons for their viewing of Athene, most of which were based on their strengths

The Power of Music Essay -- Music Art

Music is the universal language of mankind (Longfellow, thinkexist.com). When roughly sight think or so harmony they think of it as a subtle art. It is something that most people take for granted in their lives. It is fun to sing on to a claim in the car, or to dance along at a party, etc... It is also a postground noise in movies, or parties, or a conformation of other places. Most people never stop and think about the transformative power that music elicit have on them. It should be made unresolved though that music does indeed have a transformative power. When a person is feeling depressed an upbeat song can climb up their spirits up. The equivalent is true for the opposite effect as well. If someone is feeling up, a sad and morose song can bring them back down. This is just a small part of the power that music has over our lives though. As the quote points out, music is a universal language. It is something that people of all ages, religions, genders, and ethnicity ca n understand and enjoy. This is what sincerely yours makes music a powerful force in our world. What detects though when authors choose to put this power in their writing, though? What kind of akin messages and questions about music are raised in pieces from The Romantic Period and the Modern Era? While there may not seem equal there is overmuch in common from two eras hundreds of years apart, there are indeed some similar alkalis in the poems and stories from these two time frames. The most prominent of these themes is the theme of change, and how you can achieve it through music. It is not something that can be obtained by merely being around music. It is something that can only happen when you truly listen to the music around you. First, let us listen to the Romantic Period and the pieces w... ...tions. Web. 12 Dec. 2010. .Oxford English Dictionary Online. Oxford University Press. Web. 12 Dec. 2010. .Wordsworth, William. Lines written a few miles higher up Tintern Abbey. The Longman Anthology of British writings The Romantics and Their Contemporaries. By David Damrosch and Kevin Dettmar. Vol. 2A. capital of Massachusetts Longman. 2006. 390-394. Print.Joyce, James. The Dead. The Longman Anthology of British Literature The Twentieth Century and Beyond. By David Damrosch and Kevin Dettmar. Vol. 2C. Boston Longman. 2006. 2229-2256. Print.Coleridge, Samuel. Dejection An Ode. The Longman Anthology of British Literature The Romantics and Their Contemporaries. By David Damrosch and Kevin Dettmar. Vol. 2A. Boston Longman. 2006. 606-611. Print. The Power of Music Essay -- Music ArtMusic is the universal language of mankind (Longfellow, thinkexist.com). When most people think about music they think of it as a subtle art. It is something that most people take for granted in their lives. It is fun to sing along to a song in the car, or to dance along at a party, etc... It is also a background noise in movies, or parties, or a variety of other p laces. Most people never stop and think about the transformative power that music can have on them. It should be made clear though that music does indeed have a transformative power. When a person is feeling depressed an upbeat song can lift their spirits up. The same is true for the opposite effect as well. If someone is feeling up, a sad and morose song can bring them back down. This is just a small part of the power that music has over our lives though. As the quote points out, music is a universal language. It is something that people of all ages, religions, genders, and ethnicity can understand and enjoy. This is what truly makes music a powerful force in our world. What happens though when authors choose to put this power in their writing, though? What kind of similar messages and questions about music are raised in pieces from The Romantic Period and the Modern Era? While there may not seem like there is much in common from two eras hundreds of years apart, there are indeed s ome similar themes in the poems and stories from these two time frames. The most prominent of these themes is the theme of change, and how you can achieve it through music. It is not something that can be obtained by merely being around music. It is something that can only happen when you truly listen to the music around you. First, let us listen to the Romantic Period and the pieces w... ...tions. Web. 12 Dec. 2010. .Oxford English Dictionary Online. Oxford University Press. Web. 12 Dec. 2010. .Wordsworth, William. Lines written a few miles above Tintern Abbey. The Longman Anthology of British Literature The Romantics and Their Contemporaries. By David Damrosch and Kevin Dettmar. Vol. 2A. Boston Longman. 2006. 390-394. Print.Joyce, James. The Dead. The Longman Anthology of British Literature The Twentieth Century and Beyond. By David Damrosch and Kevin Dettmar. Vol. 2C. Boston Longman. 2006. 2229-2256. Print.Coleridge, Samuel. Dejection An Ode. The Longman Anthology of British Lit erature The Romantics and Their Contemporaries. By David Damrosch and Kevin Dettmar. Vol. 2A. Boston Longman. 2006. 606-611. Print.

Sophocles :: essays research papers

The Way of Greek Play WrightsThe Greek Play Wright, Sophocles, wrote both the Antigone and Oedipus the King. Sophocles wrote Antigone around 441 B.C. and followed with the writings of Oedipus the King around 425 B.C. In Antigone King Creon decides that Polynices the traitor is to be buried, but his sister Antigone dislikes the order. She is caught, and sentenced by Creon to be buried alive-even though she is betrothed to his son Haemon. After the blind prophet Tiresias proves that the gods are on Antigones side, Creon changes his musical theme but too late. He goes first to bury Polynices, but Antigone had already hanged herself. When Creon arrives at the tomb, Haemon attacks him and then kills himself. When the news of their death is reported, Creons wife Eurydice takes her own life. Creon is left-hand(a) all alone at the end of the play. In Oedipus the King it was said that the king and queen of Thebes would give birth to a child who would grow up to kill his father and marry h is mother. His parents feared this, so they nailed their sons feet together and left him stranded on a mountainside. He was founded by a wonder shepherd and taken to the town of Corinth. He was then adopted and raised as the prince in the royal household. After he grew older he hear about the prophecy. He left Corinth to wander around Greece. Along the way he met a group of travelers, killed an old man, his real father. Later he arrived in Thebes and met the Sphinx, a monster who guarded the gates of the city. He answered the riddle correctly and was named King of Thebes. He was then married to a woman named Jocasta, his real mother. wherefore did men play the role of women in early Greek playwrights? Once a woman was married her husband had complete control of her. He controlled all property that she may have inherited. She had no rights to wander about the town, without a sufficient reason. Any respectable women would not be seen in public. They contained no policy-making rights and were run by men at every stage of their lives. Since men spent so much time away, women dominated Greek households. The wife was in charge of raising the children and making the clothes for the family. The only appropriate time for a woman to leave her house was to visit a female neighbor.

Brigate Rosse, or Red Brigade :: essays research papers fc

Table of ContentsI.Introduction..1.II.History & Ideology1III.Activities.. 2IV.Strength and Area of Operation3V.Conclusion3VI.Bibliography.4IntroductionDuring the 1970s and 1980s, great fear had been spread throughout Italy. A group known as the Brigate Rosse, or deprivation Brigade, had unquestionable and left its mark on the Italian political scene. Fear was commonplace as bomb plots, kneecappings, and assassinations became the norm. As we go through this paper, the fascinating yet painful story, including the history, ideology, and current activity of the redness Brigade will be told.History & IdeologyThe history of the Red Brigade can be traced back to the category 1969. It arose out of the student protest movements of the late 60s. It was a Marxist-Leninist group whose aim was to separate Italy from the Western Alliance. It borrowed the name, methods, and moral justifications from the earlier Italian resistivity movement during World War II. Its ideology advocated violence in the service of class warfare and revolution, and with Italy in political turmoil at the time, the Red Brigades enjoyed a certain degree of support from the Left. When the group first formed, it mostly concentrated on the assassinations and kidnappings of Italian Government members and private-sector targets, such as judges, corporate executives, university professors, and policemen. The idea dirty dog that was to instill fear in the normal working class. That fear would not have been seen had the targets been a head of a company or a crest minister. Very few would have been afraid of that same fate. During the years of 1975 to 1981, Italy experienced the worst the group had to offer. These years are affectionately known as the old age of Lead. It is a clear reference to the bullets that killed close to five hundred people during this period. ActivitiesWhile a civil war was slowly burning throughout Italy, the Red Brigade, causing an entire society to live in fear, dealt out ne arly eight thousand terrorist attacks. In addition to the aforementioned private sector targets, the Red Brigade conducted kidnappings and murders on high political targets, as well. In 1978, the Red Brigades kidnapped the former prime minister of Italy, Aldo Moro. He was held captive for nearly two months, out front his body was finally dumped in the heart of Rome. Unfortunately for the Red Brigade, this had an adverse affect on its supporters, and the party quickly lost the support it had enjoyed earlier that decade. This did not stop them, however, as in 1981, Red Brigades operatives managed to kidnap General James Dozier, an American who held a position with NATO in Italy.

Sir Thomas Malory :: Essays Papers

Sir Thomas Malory Sir Thomas Malory was an English translator and compiler (Encarta) who wrote the first great English prose epic, Le morte dArthur (Encarta). However, little is truly known about Malorys personal life. We do know that the title of his most famous work, Le Morte DArthur, was first seen on William Caxtons illustrated magnetic variation in 1485. In the first chapters, Malory refers to himself as a knight-prisoner (Paula Barker) which has led many historians, according to Paula Barker, to believe that at least some of Le morte dArthur was written epoch his incarceration. The work is a collection from French sources, The Vulgate-the Arthurian Prose Cycle (1225-1230), which Malory so delicately reduced, in addition to Malorys own writings, additions, and compilations to produce Le morte dArthur. Today Malorys collection has become the basis of most modern tellings of the Arthurian story. Because it occurs just past the age of chivalry, the 15th century, Malory s work has the probability to evaluate the elegance and leisure of the antecedents in chivalric literature. (Tara Knapp) It was written in English and consists of eight intertwining tales of King Arthur and his different knights, and is packed with compassion for human faults and nostalgia for the done for(p) days of chivalry. (Encarta) Each tale flows from one to the other which allows better understanding for the reader. However some of that understanding is lost because it seems to be a tale told in a series of flashbacks which would allow for Malorys memory loss at times. Despite this loss, the story has cohesion because of its compilation from many different fragments of different stories. It is speculated by Tara Knapp, J. S. Brown, and numerous others that Malory was born in the year 1400. Although it is possible, his birth date could range from 1400 to as late as 1405. Little true facts are known of his personal life, although there has been some speculation c oncerning a Sir Thomas Malory of Newbold Revel in Warwickshire. According to Knapp, this knight served with a Richard Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, who had some difficulties with a local priory resulting in a period of imprisonment for Malory as well as Beauchamp. More specifically this violent and vagrant individual committed several crimes such as robbery, murder, and extortion.

Sir Thomas Malory :: Essays Papers

Sir Thomas Malory Sir Thomas Malory was an English translator and compiler (Encarta) who wrote the original great English prose epic, Le morte dArthur (Encarta). However, little is truly know about Malorys personal life. We do know that the title of his most famous work, Le Morte DArthur, was first seen on William Caxtons illustrated edition in 1485. In the first chapters, Malory refers to himself as a knight-prisoner (Paula Barker) which has led many historians, according to Paula Barker, to believe that at least some of Le morte dArthur was written while his incarceration. The work is a arrangement from French sources, The Vulgate-the Arthurian Prose Cycle (1225-1230), which Malory so delicately reduced, in addition to Malorys own writings, additions, and compilations to produce Le morte dArthur. Today Malorys appeal has become the basis of most modern tellings of the Arthurian story. Because it occurs just past the age of chivalry, the 15th century, Malorys work has the opportunity to evaluate the elegance and blank of the antecedents in chivalric literature. (Tara Knapp) It was written in English and consists of eight intertwining rumors of King Arthur and his different knights, and is packed with compassion for human faults and nostalgia for the bygone days of chivalry. (Encarta) Each tale flows from one to the other which get outs better understanding for the reader. However some of that understanding is lost because it seems to be a tale told in a series of flashbacks which would allow for Malorys memory loss at times. Despite this loss, the story has cohesion because of its compilation from many different fragments of different stories. It is speculated by Tara Knapp, J. S. Brown, and numerous others that Malory was born in the year 1400. Although it is possible, his birth date could range from 1400 to as late as 1405. Little true facts are known of his personal life, although there has been some system concerning a Sir Th omas Malory of Newbold Revel in Warwickshire. According to Knapp, this knight served with a Richard Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, who had some difficulties with a local priory resulting in a period of imprisonment for Malory as well as Beauchamp. More specifically this violent and vagrant individual committed several crimes such as robbery, murder, and extortion.

Of Mice & Men: Forced Isolation Essay

Everyone in their lifetime desires the comfort of a friend, precisely will settle for the attentive ear of a stranger. In the novel, Of Mice and Men, Steinbeck shows how lonely people were during the 1930s. He teaches a grim lesson ab disclose the nature of human existence, and how the characters in the story had to admit at one time or other to having a profound sense of loneliness and isolation. Although each character had their own secluded troubles, Curleys married woman, Crooks, and Candy, suffered the nearly from loneliness.Curleys wife is the only young-bearing(prenominal) character in the story who is never given a proper, and is only mentioned in reference to her husband. The men on the farm refer to her as a tramp, a tart, and a looloo, and she represents the temptation of female sexuality in a male-dominated world. Steinbeck depicts Curleys wife not as a villain, but rather as a victim. Like the ranch-hands, she is desperately lonely and has broken dreams of a better l ife. For example, she tells Lennie, I get lonely. You can talk to people, but I cant talk to nobody but Curley. (95) This shows how aw ar she is about Curleys insecurity, which causes her to converse with the other men in secret.Curley expects his wife to do as he tells her at all times, and expects her to isolate herself from everyone else and to only talk to him. In addition, Curleys wife also adds after discovering where Curley had gone too Think I dont know where they all went? Even Curley? (77) Curleys wife despises the requirements and demands her husband has over her, fully knowing that Curley is unfaithful to her. Using this against her husband, Curleys wife does the exact opposite of what he tells demands of her, and does as she wants whenever Curley isnt around, and tries to have the guys understand that all she needs is a friend. Curleys wife, being a woman, is expected to observe a man at all times, but since she is a free-spirited woman, she has hopes and dreams just like everyone else that she had to give up to spend the rest of her miserable life being isolated.Candy, the old swamper, is a lonely character because he is different fromeveryone else and doesnt really have anybody to call friend. For example, Candy tells George, Id act upon a will an leave my share to you guys in case I kick off, cause I aint got no relatives nor nothing. (59) Candy clearly says in this statement that he is desperate to not spend the rest of his life alone. He was willing to give George and Lennie his life savings to be a part of their American Dream, and clings to the idea of having the freedom to take up or set aside work as he chooses. In addition, Candy continues to rock George, When they can me here I wisht somebodyd shoot me. But they wont do nothing like that.I wont have no place to go, an I cant get no more jobs. (60) Candy compares himself to his old dog that was shot because he was no longer useful and the guys at the ranch didnt want him to suffer an ymore. He knows that he will get fired from his job soon, because he as well is getting very old and useless, and wished that once he does get fired, one of the men on the ranch will shoot him to put him out of his misery, because he will have no one left to spend his life with. Candy is a hard worker, however, he fears that he will be alone for the rest of his life and tries to do everything in his power to avoid that worrying obstacle.Crooks is a lively, sharp-witted, African American who takes his name from his crooked back. Like most of the characters in the story, he admits that he is awfully lonely. When Lennie visits him in his room, his reaction certainly reveals this fact. Why aint you wanted? Lennie asked. Cause Im black. (68) At first when Lennie visited Crooks, he turns Lennie away, hoping to prove a point that if he, as a black man, is not allowed in white mens houses, then whites are not allowed in his. However, his desire for company ultimately wins out and he invites Lennie to sit with him. Like Curleys wife, Crooks is a disempowered character who turns his vulnerability into a artillery to attack those who are even weaker.Crooks adds, A guy sets alone here at night, maybe readin books or thinkin or stuff like that. Sometimes he gets thinkin, an he got nothin to tell him whats so an aint so. Maybe if he sees somethin, he dont know whether its right or not. He can turn to some other guy and ast him if he sees it too. (73) Crooks as a black and handicapped man, is forced to live on the bang of ranch life. He is not even allowed to enter the white mensbunkhouse, or join them in a game of cards. His resentment typically comes out through his bitter harsh intellect, but in this passage he displays a desolate, touching vulnerability. Crooks desire for a friend by whom to appraise things echoes Georges earlier description of the life of a migrant worker.These characters each crave the reassurance of a friend at one time or another and are all rende red helpless by their isolation, and yet, even at their weakest, they seek to destroy those who are even weaker than they are. Because of this strong feeling of loneliness, it isnt surprising that the reassure of a farm of their own life filled with strong bonds holds such allure.

Campbell Management Consulting Case Analysis

Campbell Management Consulting Case Analysis Situation Analysis In the Campbell Management Consulting case, Lauzon Automotive hopes to become more efficient. underlying Engineering Manager, Peter Cole, has hired Colin Campbell to conduct a series of studies, beginning with the role of draw in agent. The workload carried by the lure slattern rig has decreased in recent years due to decreases in the measure of waste generated at the plant however, staff level of the role has remained constant everyplace the same period.Campbell is observing and analyzing the utilization of workers in the position to determine if cutbacks would be beneficial. Campbell is met with hostility, however, on the part of the jointure workers who fear losing their contrasts. In addition to being openly hostile towards Campbell, the workers have opted to participate in a work-to-rule campaign to show their dissatisfaction with the study. The campaign is a strike technique in which workers do the minim um amount of work necessary, or follow the policies and procedures so closely, that productivity is hampered or halted altogether.Since huge losses result from the shutdown of the plant, which could be a result of their work-to-rule campaign, it is wise to countermand its enactment. The root causes of the issues include job introduction problems, specifically with inflexibility. This narrow description has caused workers to be able to enact the work-to-rule campaign. In addition, general management of the workforce is some other concern. Cole, a young manager, needs to get a better grip on the tenured union employees and enforce comp whatever policies.Issues with the union to a fault erupt under no circumstances should a consultant be harassed, as Campbell was, by one the Lauzon employees. PROJECT TITLE Campbell Management Consulting Date 9/13/2011 Owner Michelle Crawford Background Recommendations *In 1998, Japanese automakers have 30% share of industry vs. the decreasing 60 % share held by North American manufacturers. * payoff rates for American automakers had dropped 2-3% in few years leading up to 1998. A job outline and reformation of the job description is required to occlude any future attempts at enforcing a work-to-rule or other strike tactic.The measurable will be compliance from the workforce as well as subjoind efficiency in the tug operator role. Current Situation *In order to remain competitive, Lauzon Automotive is looking to become more efficient. *Colin Campbell has been hired to diagnose problems and inefficiencies, beginning with the role of tug operator. *The workload carried by the tug loader position had decreased steadily in the past few years due to decreases in waste production, yet staff level of this role remained constant over the same period. The tug operator position is employed by senior union employees, who are reacting negatively to the study and staging work-to-rule protests. Plan 1 Perform job analysis on the tug operator position. Redefine the role so that it includes measurables like timeliness of deliveries as well as unattackablety regulations. Include any duties that whitethorn have been previously wispy in the description. 2 Have Peter, and perhaps a more senior employee, meet with union leaders on the hostility issues.A no-tolerance rule on harassment should be implemented and offenders immediately fired. 3 During this meeting, Peter should assure the tug operators that their jobs are not at risk. Given that most of them are at heart one year of call inment, Peter should allow their retirement to naturally reduce the number of workers in the role, and only hire on/promote more tug operators as necessary based on utilization calculations, which will need to include travel time betwixt gondolas. Peter should explain the reformation in the job description. This will be instrumental not only in preventing work-to-rule protests from em ployees, but will also aide when training newly hired tug operators, when the time comes. Goal(s) Effectively manage the number of workers in the tug operator position for maximum efficiencies, without causing unrest amongst the union employees and possibly causing a strike. Analysis Utilization rate of workers per shift (assuming one refuel per shift) 180 ( of gondolas) X 5. 35 m (average service time per sample gondola) = 984. 25 m (total time to service gondolas per shift) 510 m (per shift) 30 m (lunch) 60 m (breaks) 15 m (refuel) = 405 m (per worker per shift) 405 m (per worker per shift) X 5 (workers per shift) = 2025 m (total time workers available) 984. 5 / 2025 = workers operating at 48. 6% capacity. However, it should be noted that Campbells data is incomplete because it does not include travel time between the gondolas. This would clearly effect the recommendations, so I do not think it would be acceptable for Campbell to consider cutting jobs at this time. Root causes *Job design too narrow a definition, allowing workers to enact work-to-rule. Management of the workforce Peter, the young manager, seems to be getting pushed around by the tenured union employees, hampering productivity *Issues with the union hostility and unrest that should not be tolerated Follow up Meet with union leaders and tug operators again to discuss any issues with the new job description. Enlist their support in providing feedback to enhance the description. They should view the consulting team as their allies. Finally approve new description, and then monitor retirement dates for when to expect an increase in role productivity. Assumptions and Missing Information The key piece of information that is missing is the travel time between one gondola and the next. Without this data, it is impossible to accurately determine the utilization of tug operators. Problem Definition The key issue in this case is the narrow job design and definition of the tug operator position, allowing for strike tactics.The secondary issue is management of the workforce and issues with the union. Development of Alternatives One alternative would be to continue the study to acquire the data necessary. Campbell could return to the level and observe the time it takes to travel from one gondola to another, and then complete his utilization rate analysis. Evaluation of Alternatives and Recommendations If Campbell decides to complete his evaluation of the role, it might further terms the relationship between management and the union, causing more unrest and workplace disruption.I would advise against this, especially since the majority of tug operators are planning to retire within one year. In light of this, I recommend that Campbell abandon his study of utilization rate in favor of job analysis on the tug operator p osition. The job description should then be modified as necessary so that work-to-rule campaigns will no longer be an issue. Campbell should also advise Cole on how to handle his relationship with the union in the future. Implementation PlanThe implementation timeline should look as follows * Perform job analysis on tug operator position. * Redefine the role so that it includes measurables like timeliness of deliveries as well as safety regulations. Include any duties that may have been previously undefined in the description. * Cole should meet with union leaders on hostility issues and address strike concerns. * Assure them that their jobs are safe and that not cooperating with or expressing hostility towards Campbell will not be tolerated. Cole should also explain the changes to the job description and enlist the help of the tug operators for any future developments with it. Conclusion Narrow job descriptions can become host to numerous workplace issues, including strike protests like the one exhibited in this case. Evaluating them, and maintaining a grievous relationship with the workforce, is crucial to success, efficiency, and sustainability. References Cruji, Colin. Richard Ivey School of Business. (1999) Campbell Management Consulting.

Dr. Martin Luther King

I believe that history has re-shaped the truth behind Dr. Martin Luther offices life as a leader of the anti-racism and anti-segregation movement. Although he had been given many awards, including the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts to end segregation and racial discrimination through obliging disobedience and other non-violent means, obviously after his sudden death, many of his radical ideas were omitted simply because they are not what the politicians wanted the public to know.I think Taylor runner was right in saying that our nation has slept for decades under the spell of myths grounded in race. King had protested on the deliberate discrimination of blacks by policies that promote the whites. What King verbalise in his speech Beyond Vietnam A Time to Break Silence is to put equality among blacks and whites in the forefront of e precise US citizen. He may have gained awards but his more radical ideas were forgotten or were left behind, encapsulated in myths that were more appealing. And people only accepted what were told to them.An example of this deliberate downplaying of Kings radical ideas is written in Branchs article. Blacks were recruited and sent to the Vietnam War together with the whites yet the ones who gained more popularity were the whites. The blacks were set aside. White supremacy is very evident. Again, this is the result of the dominating rule of racial discrimination.Work CitedBeyond Vietnam A Time to Break Silence. 4 May 1999. 9 April 2008. http//www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/45a/058.htmlBranch, Taylor. The Last attentiveness of Martin Luther King. 6 April 2008. 9 April 2008. http//www.nytimes.com/2008/04/06/opinion/06branch.html?_r=2&oref=slogin&oref=slogin

Compare the Women’s Suffrage Movements of the United States and Great Britain for Their Effectiveness in Gaining Women the Right to Vote

It is the turn of the century and more and more women in the United States and immense Britain were beginning to express their desires for the right to voice their opinions and cast their votes for who should harness and be in charge of their government. Switzerland had granted suffrage to women in 1971, while France, Germany, and Italy enfranchised women decades earlier (Abrams and Settle 292), and now it was time for the the Statesn and British women to uniting the suffrage movement as well.Thousands of women petitioned, lobbied, protested, demonstrated, and engaged in civil disobedience in order to gain their right to vote. Although the right to vote was referred to with different label (suffrage and enfranchisement), the movement had the same aims. Women in these countries were not being paid the same as men although they were doing the same work, there were laws discriminating against the egg-producing(prenominal) race, and women wanted to be heard. All of these reasons led to the notion of women to feel the need to have their voices heard in the government.The effectiveness of the movement and the success of the aims as a result of the womens suffrage movement in the States and Great Britain varied and will be discussed in this paper. The fight for the right to vote in America was referred to as the womens suffrage movement, and it was led and organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, and other radical female leadership. This movement was started in 1848 when the Convention of Seneca Falls was held in New York as the first womens rights convention.At the Convention of Seneca Falls, Lucretia wrote a line in the Declaration of Sentiments calling for the right of women to the elective franchise (Winslow Sisters). The Civil fight got in the way of the womens suffrage movement for a couple long time after it was initiated, and from 1976 to the turn of the century, womens rights movements continued with campaigns, referendums, lobbying, etc. B ecause of this continuous, and delayed process, states such as Utah, Wyoming, and Colorado did grant women the right to vote, but it was a actually gradual change.Also during this time, the National Womens Suffrage Association (NWSA) press its claim for state and federal womens suffrage amendments (Winslow Sisters). After 72 years of protest, lobbying, and fighting the women of the United States of America finally got the chance to vote by August 20 when 13 out of the 16 western states had already granted women full suffrage (McCammon and Campbell 55). Because the movement took so long to come into effect, many may argue that the movement was not as effective as the one in Great Britain, but it is true that it was definitely effective in the end.Of course it all worked out, because women finally got the chance to vote, and the 19th amendment only exists because of the womens suffrage movement leaders and participants, but the aims of the movement were probably not achieved in the time frame desired. In Great Britain, the movement to gain womens rights to vote was referred to as the enfranchisement movement. This movement began around 1866 when a group of leaders and reformers gathered around 1,500 women to sign a petition to send to Parliament asking for womens rights to vote, it very similar to the Seneca Falls Convention (Winslow Sisters).There was a give out in the movement from around 1807 to 1905, which is similar to the way the womens suffrage movement in America had a mark during the Civil War as well. During this time, nothing significant occured, and no one did anything extreme to gain the vote. The year of 1905 was when the enfranchisement movement started to actually make big gains. During this year, suffragettes made a break from sitting aside, and started development militancy and other violent techniques.The actions of British suffragettes involved blowing up mailboxes of government leaders, breaking windows, picketing, and harassment of an ti-suffragist legislators. At first, the movement was not very effective because the suffragettes were seen as wild, uncontrollable women, and they were treated very roughly by the British patrol, but after the movement calmed down a little bit, and tactical manoeuvre used were less violent, public opinion was changed, and the government started to pay more attention to the suffragettes (British).The English women won limited suffrage in 1918, and in 1928, the majority of English women won the right to vote (Winslow Sisters). The women of the United States and of Great Britain used the many of the same tactical maneuver to gain the vote, but the women of Great Britain were overmuch more radical. Even though the women of both countries had the same aim to gain suffrage and both countries had radical leaders of the movement that pushed the fight for the right to vote, their tactics varied in different ways. In both the U. S. nd in Great Britain suffragists used tactics such as boyc otting, lobbying, protesting, and sending proposals and petitions to government leaders, but there are differences in the severity of each of the countrys groups tactics that led to a difference in the effectiveness of the movement. The women suffragists in America utilized civil disobedience, which was something not seen as much in Great Britain. Whereas the American suffragists were being civil and asking for suffrage in a pretty polite manner, the suffragettes in Great Britain were utilizing mass militancy and violence.The actions of the women in Great Britain paralleled the tactics of those in America, but were extremely dangerous. The suffrage movement in America did take ten years longer than in Great Britain, so it can be said that the suffrage movement and tactics used in Great Britain were more effective than in the United States of America. Ultimately, both the suffrage movement in the United States and in Great Britain were successful, because without these movements, th e women in the United States and Great Britain could possibly not have the right to vote to this day. The effectiveness of the suffrage movement in the U.S. and in Great Britain can be analyzed using their end result and the time it took for the aims to be succeeded. Although both movements were successful in achieving their aims, it took an extremely long time to do so. The United States had to withstand 72 years of protesting and campaigning in order to achieve their aims, while Great Britain had to go through around 62 years of even more extreme tactics. In conclusion, both movements were effective, but it can be said that these movements could have been even more so if they did not take so long to achieve their goals. whole shebang Cited PrintAbrams, Burton, and Russell Settle. Womens Suffrage and the Growth of the Welfare State. Public Choice 100. 3/4 (1999) 289-300. Print. McCammon, Holly, and Karen Campbell. Winning the Vote in the West The Political Successes of the Womens Suffrage Movements, 1866-1919. Gender and parliamentary procedure 15. 1 (2001) 55-82. Print. Online Winslow, Barbara. Sisters of Suffrage British and American Women Fight for the Vote. The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History. N. p. , n. d. Web. 27 Sept. 2012. . British Suffrage Movement. Edenbridge Town Ethics. N. p. , n. d. Web. 27 Sept. 2012. .

Definition of Tourist/Tourism Essay

Throughout the academic and business world on that point is ongoing debate regarding the insufficient definitions of the terms touring carry and tourist. Upon researching this case I have also come to question the validity of the tourism industry and its ability to meet the requirements of industrial and commercial activities due to the lack of like and limitations of what it pertains to.The following are definitions I have chosen, in order of preference, to shed light on the ambiguous nature of these terms so that a clearer accord can be realised for economic and educational use. Of these it can also be seen that they have been sourced from opposing areas of interest industry, academic and dictionary, as to better expound the need for more than whiz type of definition. Furthermore, each will be deconstructed to communicate their relative strengths and weaknesses in relation to fundamental aspects of their current use. orb tourism Organisation (cited in Tribe 2009, p.44)To urism comprises the activities of a persons travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercise of an practise remunerated from within the place predicted. World Tourism Organisation (1993, cited in Cooper, Shepherd & Westlake (1996, p.18)Tourist A visitor* who in the surface area visited for at least one night. *Visitor Any person who travels o a country other than that in which he/she has his/her usual environments, for a period not exceeding 12 months and whose main purpose of visit is other than the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the country visited. Stear (2005, p. 8&11)Tourism tourism is travel and temporary stay, involving at least one night away from the section of a persons usual home that is undertaken with the major expectation of satisfying leisure needs that are perceived as being more sunnily able to be satisfied by bein g at places outside of, and qualitatively different to, the home region.Tourist a tourist is a person engaging in the activities directly associated with the present or future travel and temporary stay that involves at least one night away from the region of their usual home that is undertaken with the major expectation of satisfying leisure needs that are perceived as being more enjoyably able to be satisfied by places outside of, and qualitatively different to, the home region. Oxford Dictionary (2011)Tourism the commercial organization and operation of holidays and visits to places of interest. Tourist a person who is travelling or visiting a place for pleasure.To begin, one of the key factors in defining tourism is determining where it begins, ends, and the stakeholders impacted along the way. As explained by Theobald (1994, p.26), tourism is more like a sector that impacts a wide range of industries rather than an industry itself as current statistical measurement of economic effectuate is unreliable and problematic. Stears blanket approach of tourism neglects to set parameters for quantitative study where many of these businesses also serve local residents and the impact of spending by visitors can easily be overlooked or underestimated(Theobald 1994, p.4).This leads to the need for segregation of the term by its main features to establish the objective of the meaning and what it aims to achieve. This is adequately explained by Tribe (2009, p.25) as differentiation is sought between functional definitions of the term tourist used to define and measure activities of people for the purposes of sorting and collecting selective information about those activities, and that of the concept of tourist, which has a much less well-understood value.Because of this it is widely accepted that there are two different types of tourism definitions, each with its confess rationale and intended usage (Theobald 1994, p.7). The suggestion of Burkart & Medlik (1981, cited in Theobald 1994) that there are both conceptual and skillful definitions, the former allowing for a theoretical approach such(prenominal) as Stears in which it can be used for the teaching of this area of study, and the latter is aligned to the WTOs approach for statistical or legislative purposes.that can be applied to both international and domestic settings.to help standardise comparative international tourism data collection.Similarly the World Tourism Organisation has put forward a significant division in the term tourist as a method of discerning those who visit a place for more than twenty-four hours from those who dont. This enables significant advancements in both technical and conceptual approaches to the definition as allowing tourists such as backpackers, journey ship passengers and tour busses to be incorporated as well as their significant input to the industry. Stears definition, although broad, lacks entirely in the foresight that at least one night away is limit ed to people who reside in the area overnight which is often not the case.In my experience backpacking, there are many scenarios in which time constraints urge you to visit multiple attractions in one day and often over large distances, of one bill travelling by car I had breakfast in Italy, lunch in Switzerland, followed by dinner in Germany. With no uncertainty was I tourist at all stages of this trip, therefore the following opinion of Theobald (1994) in which visitors include two distinct categories of travellers one being tourists and the other excursionists, is fundamental to the concern of business of economic effects in tourist destination regions. In this case the WTO definition comprises of a tourist and excursionist approach which adequately incorporates all impacts on the relative industries.However, of the above methods of definition neither encompasses the history and definition of each word and its everyday use regardless of technical and conceptual implications. Be cause of this, I weigh it pertinent to incorporate the dictionary definition of both tourism and tourist in their comprehensive understanding as their etymology is central to the existence of this sector. It is jointly agreed (Stear 2005, Weaver & Lawton 2010, Tribe 2009 and Theobald 1994) that tourism is a social phenomenon of the nineteenth and twentieth centurys, of a time where cultural and leisure purposes were the most great instigating factors.This said, many forms of types of travel (Stear 2005, p.5) have emerged clouding the nature of its schoolmaster meaning making it difficult to transcend this meaning into a contemporary societal view. As Theobald (1994, p.6) explains etymologically the Latin derivative of tour (when combined with the suffixes of ism and ist) describes the movement in a round-trip and in essence the journey of leaving and then returning to the original starting point. It is plain to see that this holds great dissimilarity to the aforementioned dictio nary definition as it is subsequent to the influences of industry purpose.Overall, this discussion has outlined the continued difficulties in producing a unified definition that encompasses all aspects of tourists and their impacts on tourism so that statistical and theoretical conclusions can be draw for economic and academic purposes. In total, I believe each of the definitions mentioned above hold merit in varying manners when applied for specific use in their appropriate field. This does not dismiss the issue that each has limitations in regards to the standardisation of each type of definition and in conclusion until this standardisation of terms used for conceptual and technical objectives occurs, neither can be solely accepted for all application in a worldwide setting.

Developing Managers in Business Essay

Success in the have it offledge economy comes to those who know themselves, their strengths, their values, and how they best perform (Peter Drucker)The main aim of this report is to focus on a circumstance management ontogenesis plan and by identifying how it work ups to determine whether it has been effective in developing the manager for its business. The report looks at how certain management culture programmes have been used to become shift/ tariff manager for a particular brass instrument.It identifies a range of formal and informal approaches that have been used to realise effective outcomes. It also includes examining the main external and internal factors that have influenced management development. Further more(prenominal) the report identifies any shortcomings and changes that are required to improve the process of developmental management. The main method used to conduct this report was obtaining first hand information from a shift/duty manager at a local anaesthet ic food industry however, relevant literature resources have also been used to support views, evaluations and recommendations made.Rosemary Stewart who has been noted for studies of organisations and managers in action. Based on Managers and their Jobs, (1967/1987) identified cardinal approaches to defining the term management. Theses are as follows1. Theoretical approach this is ground on the development of theories of management, using approaches focused on political, economical, sociological, psychological or anthropological theory and philosophy.2. Descriptive approach has been given a very simple definition, the job that managers and supervisors do.3. Comparative approach based on the hierarchical organisation and structure within an organisation, also focused on comparison and evaluation methods4. Action-based approach this focuses more on the way that those defined as managers spend their sequence management as the activities carried out by managersWhat is management d evelopment? According to Lessem, R (1990) developmental management is humanistic in essence in separate words the developmental manager values the whole team up and values them for their inter-dependence. In order to fully understand the concept of management development it is meaty to know of its historical roots. In the workplace individuals and managers unaware of certain behaviour patterns will unintentionally damage their personal effectiveness. When a manager understands the unique differences surrounded by individuals then they are in a more powerful position. They are better able to manage, understand, and lead the great unwashed towards higher(prenominal) train of productivity, lower frustration, higher morale, and better retention rates.The type of management development programme focused on in this report is basic management training from shift/duty managers. The course itself was split into residential and in-store training with a mentor. The total residential train ing lasted for eight days at a national training revolve around and head office. The time limit given to complete the modules specified for this particular programme was twelve weeks, in-store with a mentor. However, twelve weeks being a rough ingest as some required more time and candi epochs regularly completed the modules outside this limit.The course was tailored not only for people with experience only when also for example graduates who would have had little or no experience in managing a shift. However, as this particular programme was centred towards the duty manager level its main focus was around people management, whereby it would deal with staff motivation levels, training, receiving and giving feed back, appraisals etc, rather than actual business management i.e. managing a meshing and loss account.There were seventeen modules that needed to be completed, below is a table explaining briefly what these modules wereModulesProgramme1-3Orientation and Getting Started. ( was completed during residential)4-5Cleanliness, Sanitation and diet Safety. Begins by basic training as would be for all members of staff within the organisation, then becomes more involved in how to effectively manage a team to ensure food refuge and cleanliness standards are high as they are constantly observed and monitored.6-7Safety, Security and Crisis Management. How to ensure the safety of staff and customers on shift, including health and safety. Basically teaches the manager how to deal with anything from a power cut to an armed robbery.8-9Product Excellence. Begins quite basic as to how to identify an out of date product, then becomes more in depth regarding basic stock control, ordering procedures etc.10-12Basic Human Resource and Labour Management. Dealt with how to effectively manage a team, including exercises on legal responsibilities of a manager with regards to discrimination, grievance procedures and disciplinary action as well as staff training issues, coachin g, how to motivate a team and managing cost of boil on a shift-to-shift basis.13Service Recovery. How to prevent, anticipate and deal with customer complaints and how to effectively observe and analyse team member exercise to castrate the risk of a complaint.14Opening the Restaurant.15Shift Change.16Closing the Restaurant.The above three points (14-16) are self explanatory. Trainee managers were expected to work through these whilst observing the mentor complete the tasks in order to see how the aspect of previous modules were put into practice for example stock control, security, cost of labour etc.17Floor Management. Dealing with problems prior to them becoming formal complaints or even accidents. This included the figure of eight walk, prioritising new unpredicted tasks and team member recognition.The modules were very general, however, before putting theory into practice observation played a vital role, whereby trainees were to observe their mentors completing certain tasks in order to learn how to tailor tasks to suit the environment. Upon completing the training there was a testify followed by an interview with the Area Manager in which the test results were discussed and the standards of completed modules were assessed.The informal approaches used whilst completing the management development programme was the mentor advising best practices for within the restaurant. The formal approaches used were the completion of modules and work books as well as observations where both candidates were observing the mentor and the mentor observing the candidate. The programme in itself prepared the trainees for a position as duty manager. The programme was learner centred and in some cases lack of motivation or resources meant that it lasted longer than the original given deadline of twelve weeks.There were both external and internal factors that influenced the development of duty/shift managers working. The main external factors were that being a food preparatio n industry, there were many laws and government regulations pertaining to food, safety and obviously regulations for health and safety and employment laws that needed to be learned and put into practice. The main internal factors that influenced management development were the standards set by the company which every manager and team member were expected to have extensive knowledge of.This covered every aspect of the business from the way tables were set to uniform standards to dealing with complaints in a professional manner, which involved more in depth training for management trainees. Although the training provided to trainee managers was quite extensive, practical experience gained via mentors seemed more knowledgeable, as stated quite clearly in the quote below from a previous trainee manager I feel that I learned a lot from the course, the modules and the work books as it introduced me to a lot of legal aspects of the food industry which I would not have learned otherwise, bu t I found that I learned more from the time spent with my mentor about how to be a manager that team members respected.As recognised by A.Mumford (1993) there are atomic number 23 stages in the evolution of thought about what managers do these are1 The generalisation stage2 The scientific stage3 The management by objective stage4 The misfortune/ realistic stage5 The competency stage..Many organizations are turning to behaviour assessments and personality trait testing for both hourly workers and managers. Back in the late 90s, only 5 percent of 500 companies used some type of assessment. Today, that figure is climbing to 65 percent. A year 2000 study by American Management Association showed nearly half of 1,085 employers polled use at least one assessment in their interviewing process.Assessments can back up* Individuals identify their strengths, know which jobs they are best suited for, and design a development plan to overcome shortcomings.* HR managers predict a job applicant s succeeder before they are hired.* Business owners understand the temperament and work flare of individual employees and managers.* Supervisors can give performance feedback to people in a style they understand and accept for improving performance and accelerating professional development.* People enhance communication, understanding, and improve personal relationships.* Sales managers select, hire, develop, and motivate super sales people.For example a company would use the assessment process to improving their hiring and recruitment process. If for instance, previously they made decisions based on the candidates resume and then hired the person based on their gut reaction. Once hired, many of these new people created friction, had bad work ethics, and their attitudes had a negative impact on their co-workers.ConclusionDeveloping people is less expensive than firing them. By understanding behaviour differences an organization can align an employees motivations with the companys mission. Assessments also help individuals reduce conflict and get along better. Furthermore, co-workers appreciate each persons unique strengths and abilities. With this knowledge organizations and managers can maximize the abilities of their workforce in ways to help make all employees star performers.References Lessem, R. (1990) Developmental Management principles of holistic business Oxford, Basil Blackwell Managers and their Jobs (Penguin, 1977, new edition 1988) The Reality of Organisation (Penguin, 1972, new edition 1986) The renewing of Management 1994.

Amazing Grace Essay

In the movie Amazing Grace was a horrible yet completely true-to-life(prenominal) conditions of the most poor, summation neighborhoods and districts in New York City. During the 18th century millions of men, woman and children were taken from their homes in Africa and sold into slavery. Few survived the slave trade was wrong, and to find one who had the courage to live on against it seemed impossible. Humanity needed a adept, someone who could establish equally. The movie Amazing Grace tells the account of an Englishman who gave his health and youth to end slave trade. Like heros history and literature, William Wilberforces story followed the archetype of a traditional hero. William Wilberforce was an example of a common mortal hero.He was a normal, completely rea amountic person, in that he stumbled many a(prenominal) times and often emphasized his humanity by saying, Am I not a man?After geezerhood of work without success he felt he had failed, but he still pressed forward. H e possessed no extraordinary power or skill, but he rose to the occasion and changed the world. Not only was William one of the few who was disgusted by the slave trade ,he was also one of the drive few who had the courage to stand up against it. Someone once said, Courage does not consist in feeling no fear, but in hold fear.William Wilberforce was an ordinary man, but he was able to overcome fear and be a hero. However, he would not have been able to do it without the help of many friends.Loyal companions have played a large role in many hero stories, and the story of William Wilberforce is not different. William Pitt, the Prime Minister, was Williams best friends. He was able to keep Wilberforce in good standing and also assisted in the eventual success of his bill which banned the slave trade. William Pitt also promote him to keep trying. William Pitt was one of the main reasons for his friends success. Without him, William Wilberforce would have quit, and even if he had conti nued trying he would never had been able to pass his bill. many a(prenominal) other heroic friends played a part in Williams success.These included Hannah Moore, a well respected and religious lady, Tomas Clarkson, a passionate and herculean speaker, and Equiano a former slave. Perhaps most important was the role of Williams love, Barbara Spooner. Barbra Spooner was the woman figure in this hero story. She was a huge source of inlet for William, and herintellect attracted him. It was Barbra who succeeded in helping William get back on track to save the slaves. Barbra brought William through the darkest moments of discouragement by offering the encouraging words, after night comes day. You still have passion thats what matters most.William Wilberforce was a traditional hero. Although just a common man, he was able to become the hero humanity needed. suit archetypes, such as Williams friends and his love, as well as situational and symbolic archetypes, occur throughout this story defining it as the legacy of a hero. William even will return to his family, lay his head on his pillow and remember that the slave trade is no more. Through his work to establish equality, William Wilberforce added his name to the list of people who made great sacrifices for the greater good people known as heroes. I think they named it Amazing Grace because it was a hard and amazing establishment, so they named it after the song.

Valuation Project Report

valuation project report Valuation of the Incentive Stock Options for Procter & Gamble Co. Name Haining Jiang Comp any background In this valuation project, I impart analyze a company which is mature and I am interest in. The name of the company is Procter & Gamble Co. the Procter & Gamble Company, to fatherher with its subsidiaries, engages in the manufacture and sale of a tramp of branded con inwardnesser packaged goods. The company ope regularizes in five segments Beauty, Grooming, Health C atomic figure 18, Fabric C are and Home Care, and bumble Care and Family Care.In the year of 1837, William Procter and James Gamble settled in the Queen City of the West, Cincinnati, and established themselves in business. As a result, a new company was born Procter & Gamble. Procter & Gamble became into a listed company at a stock price and dividend which are $ 1. 7 and $ 0. 01 per month respectively in 19 Jan. 1970. For galore(postnominal) age, P & G keep following their purpose and s ocial responsibility at all and every corner in the world We will provide branded products and services of superior quality and foster that improve the lives of the worlds consumers, now and for geneproportionns to come.As a result, consumers will reward us with leadership sales, pull ahead and value creation, allowing our people, our shareholders and the communities in which we live and work to prosper. Until now, P & G has become the largest consumer packaged goods company in the world at $ 67. 17 of the share price and $ 0. 562 of dividend per month. Main contents 1. Discounted dividend valuation The most sanctioned model is the Gordon Growth Model, which prices the stock by the dividend and future growth of dividends. The formula would be like this V0=D0 (1+g)(r-g)=D1r-gWhere D0 is at onces dividend, which would be $ 2. 21 in our case. r is the cost of capital, r will be metric like Assume The market premium = 6%* The risk-free rate = 3%* Given digit in the case ? = 0. 2 7 So, r = 0. 03 + 0. 27 x 0. 06 = 4. 62% The best way to cipher g is The term g can be viewed as the upshot on owners equity times the earnings retention rate b. b = (1 dividend payout symmetry) = 1 58% = 42% return on equity = 14. 05% So, Sustainable growth rate = gs = 42% x 14. 05% = 5. 901% r g, so we may get wind a big problem when using the V0 formula to a higher place.But, as far as we all know, it is non possible that the firm can grow faster than r forever. The high return will pass another(prenominal) investors into the market to compete and the firms rate will even outtually fall. And, I restrain in the long-run growth rate of dividends, gL = 3%*. g r. Even if this data is not actual in the true P&G case, I think its will be fine to play along our model. V0=D0 (1+g)(r-g)= $ 2. 21x(1+0. 03)(0. 0462-0. 03)=$ 140. 51 1) Two-stage dividend growth When the P & G is growing faster than r, one can use a multistage model, where the growth stages are broken into tw o parts.The first is the supernormal growth phase call gs , which is the rate that is higher than r. So we can assume at the first period ( r g ) gS = 5. 901% (as we calculate above) n = 3* At the second period ( r g ) r = 4. 62% (as we careful above) gL = 3% (as we calculated above) D0 = $ 2. 21 (real data from P&G) As we all know the formula is V0 = t=1n Dt1+rt+ Vn(1+r)n Vn= D01+ gsn(1+ gL)(r- gL) So, V3= 2. 211+ 0. 0593(1+ 0. 03)(0. 0462- 0. 03) = $ 166. 88 V0 = 2. 21x(1+0. 059)1(1+0. 0462)1+ 2. 21x(1+0. 059)2(1+0. 0462)2+ 2. 21x(1+0. 059)3(1+0. 0462)3+ 166. 88(1+0. 0462)3 = $ 152. 27 2) Three-stage dividend growth We assume the P & G company go through a life-cycle with a three stages that are an early, development stage with high growth, a maturing phase with check growth, and a declining phase with little, no, or negative growth. The current dividend of $ 2. 21 per share will not change. Dividends are pass judgment to grow at a rate of 10%* for 2 years. Following that, the dividends are expected to grow at a rate of 8%* for 2 years. After the total 4 years, the dividends are expected to grow at a rate of 4%* per year, forever. The rate of return unchanged 4. 2% (as calculated in 1. 1). We can break the calculation in to six steps (1) imagine the dividends for years 1 through 5 year Dividend growth rate Dividend 1 10% 2. 431 2 10% 2. 674 3 8% 2. 888 4 8% 3. 119 5 5% 3. 275 (2) Calculate the hand over value of each(prenominal) of these dividends for years 1 through 5 Year Dividend Present value 1 2. 431 2. 3236 2 2. 674 2. 4430 3 2. 888 2. 5220 4 3. 119 2. 6035 5 3. 275 2. 6130 (3) Calculate the present value of the dividends beyond year 4 P4= $ 3. 275(0. 0462-0. 04) = $ 528. 23 (4) Calculate the present value of the price at year 4PVP4 = $ 528. 23(1+0. 0462)4 = $ 440. 92 (5) Calculate the sum of the present value of the dividends PVdividends in year 1-4= t=110Dt(1+0. 0462)t = $ 12. 51 (6) Calculate the price today as the sum of the present valu e of dividends in years 1-4 and the price at the end of year 4 P0=$ 440. 92+$ 12. 51 = $ 453. 43 3) The uses of the dividend valuation models (1) The price-earnings ratio also known as the price-to-earnings ratio or PE ratio, is the ratio of the price per share to the earnings per share of a stock. Let us observe these data from P&G firstly ? 2012 2011 2010 stock price $66. 6 $64. 50 $60. 44 current earings per share $3. 82 $4. 12 $4. 32 P/E ratio 17. 37173 15. 65534 13. 99074 dividend payout ratio 58% 50% 42% If we take the DVM and divide both sides by earnings per share, we arrive at an equation for the price earnings ratio in terms of dividend payout, required rate of return, and growth P0E0= Dividend payout ratio x (1+g)r-g We can conclude the development below according to the above formula Increase in dividend payout rate will cause add in P/E ratio, this point is also obviously in the table above, the data comes from the real P&G case.Increase in r will cause decrease in P/ E ratio Increase in growth rate will cause plus in P/E ratio. (2) we can also use the DVM to relate the price-book value ratio to factors such as the dividend payout ratio and the ROE. We assume the B0 indicate the current book value per share and ROE0 indicate the current return on book equity. As we all know ROE0 = E0B0 , and P0=D0 (1+g)(r-g)=D1r-g So, we can get the formula easily below P0=B0x ROE0 x D0E0x (1+g)(r-g) So we could get the conclusion through analyzing the above formula increase in B0 will increase in P0 ncrease in ROE0 will increase in P0 increase in D0E0 will increase in P0 increase in g will increase in P0 increase in r will increase in P0 I believe there are plenty of other conclusions we can get from those formulas, I just mention some of them in my valuation report here. But in other words, we can fully use the DVM to find all the related fundamental factors to have further judgement through DVM. 4) What if there no dividends? I think its acceptable and expe ctable if the P&G isnt paying dividends now, further chooses to reinvest its money.It is a sign that the dividends in the future will be even larger. Of course, I wont stick around with the company long enough to receive any of those dividends. But because of the growth of the company, I will realize that the eventual dividends will be even larger with the increasingly share price. After that, I can sell me shares to someone else to get my profit from it. analysis Valuation is the process of determining what something is worth at a point in time. When we value investments, we want to estimate the future cash flows from these investments and then discount these to the present.This process is based on the reasoning that no one will pay more today for an investment than what they could expect to get from that investment on a time and risk adjusted basis. 1 I think the paragraph I cited above not only give us the best conclusion of by valuation project report, but also tell us a def initely reason we study finance. Please Note If the number followed a * behind it, it means this number is assumed and the others without * are all real data from P&G company finance report. 1 cited from the Dividend Valuation Models, by Pamela Peterson Drake, Ph. D. , CFA.

Duke Ellington

Edward Kennedy Duke Ellington (April 29, 1899 May 24, 1974) was an American composer, pianist, and bandleader. Duke Ellington was thought to be one of the most influential figures in jazz, if not in all American music. After his death in 1974, he became even more popular. He even received a special award citation from the Pulitzer Prize Board. Ellington called his music American Music rather than jazz.He want to describe those who impressed him as beyond category. Those belonging to this group included many of the musicians who served with his orchestra. several(prenominal) of his band members were among the giants of jazz and performed with Ellingtons orchestra for decades. It was Duke Ellington, however, who melded them into one of the most well-known orchestral units in the history of jazz. He a great deal composed specifically for the style and skills of these individuals.Some of these songs included Jeeps Blues for Johnny Hodges, Concerto for Cootie (Do nothing Till You Hea r from Me) for Cootie Williams and The Mooche for Tricky Sam Nanton. He also recorded songs written by his bandsmen, such as Juan Tizols Caravan and Perdido which brought the Spanish Tinge to big-band jazz. After 1941, he began to collaborate with composer-arranger Billy Strayhorn. Ellington frequently referred to Billy Strayhorn as his alter-ego. Duke Ellington is considered one of the 20th centurys best-known artists.He also recorded for many American record companies, and appeared in several films. Ellington and his orchestra toured the United States and Europe regularly before and after World warfare II. He led his band from 1923 until his death in 1974. His son, Mercer Ellington, continued touring with the band until his death from cancer in 1996. Paul Ellington, Mercers youngest son, took over the orchestra in 1996. After his mothers passing, Paul Ellington took over the estate of Duke and Mercer Ellington.Duke Ellington

How do I know anything?

The Film The Matrix was a Box Office hit referable to the idea it presented to the audience. Even though Descartes Meditations inspired the necessitate, the idea of living in a computer false environment was an interesting, original concept that had been created recently. It opened up a question, how do I know anything?It is viable that we may be living in a computer-simulated environment, or in a big intake of some sort. We are unable to prove any of this at the moment, which could then possibly lead to agnosticism about this theory. The only real argument to support the theory is to use the fact that our government keeps education confidential from the public, for a number of reasons. This demonstrates that there are things that we do not know therefore, we should not only doubt what we do not know, and that we may be living in a simulated environment. at that place is also the problem of perception. It is easy for us to perceive something to be different to what it really is. Magicians use opthalmic illusions to fool us. If we are living in a simulated environment, then how can we break ourselves apart from the perception that we are in, to separate ourselves from the simulation, and find out what the other truthfulness is like?The closest engineering has come to simulating environments is virtual reality. The environment is simulated, allowing humans to interact, although they may be elsewhere. The graphics within virtual reality are still basic, and this is one of the reasons why we are able to recognise virtual reality as being different to reality. Another reason is that virtual reality does not cause you to feel pain. Whether virtual(prenominal) Reality is comparable to the neural-simulated environment in The Matrix, VR is the closest thing we clear to relate to the theory.However, VR could be as real as reality if it had realistic models of physics (e.g. feather and coin fall at the resembling rate in a vacuum), better graphics, and the ab ility to stimulate the body into experiencing physical feelings of pain, heat and cold, and so forth Another problem with doing this is having a computer powerful enough to process all this information via calculations. IBM have developed a supercomputer that can calculate the force of nuclear explosions. Does a computer exist powerful enough to simulate the reality we live in exactly? If it does, then the theory proposed by the film could be right.Another concern brought up by the film was about A.I. (Artificial Intelligence). In the film, A.I. developments created intelligent, living computers. Machines are physically better than man in many ways. They do not excrete, need tea breaks at work, sleep, be lazy, require wages, things that humans do. They are more efficient than humans. However, Humans have consciences, imaginations, and the ability to think. Computers do not have this. If computers did have this, they may be worth more than human life.Once recognising their position ing and power, it is possible that they may consider the human race to be inefficient, and may then start to avoid humanity, like in The Matrix and The Terminator. This is something we have to be wary about when we decide to improve A.I., whether it be in industrial machines, home appliances, or computer games. If AI started to have a mind of its own, would anyone be provideing to corrupt it, and turn it against others? It could be something terrorists would do to disrupt the activities of Governments around the globe?It may not be possible for machines to be a living, independent-thinking species. Computers work by calculations. Let us take an example. legal residence appliance in the future greets somebody as they get in the door.A sensor go out learn that the door is opening. It activates another smart sensor to identify that person. It is the house-owner. It greets with hello. The house-owner regularizes hello back. The appliance uses a sensor to detect the reply, and asses ses it not only for vocal identification, but to determine what mood the person is in. It will then have a speech passage suited to the mood of the person. E.g. the person has a cold, so the computer tells the person that they are making a warm glass of Lemon and Honey for them, and ordering for a ethical drug of medicine to the doctor. Another sensor in the house will scan the person and send the expand of the cold to the doctor, allowing the doctor to prescribe the right medication.The person will say thanks, and the appliance will say your welcome. All this could happen just by entering the door and saying hello. The computer can break signs of compassion, but will not actually feel them. This will be a major potful to conquer in the development of Artificial Intelligent Life. Commercially, Artificial Intelligence is still under development, and will take some time before it can resemble anything human.Overall, Technology will get better, and peradventure we will discover i f the simulated neural environment theory is right.

European learning institutions in the Middle Ages Essay

The Monastic schools provided the basis for the universities. The principal(prenominal) purpose for the establishment of schools was to develop literacy in the society. Through the schools people were educated and hence became wiser. These schools led to the arrangement of universities as many individuals begun to pursue deeper meanings, verbal clarity and places for doing analysis. During the scholasticism period, the consume for a place where intellectuals could do their studies increased greatly as the number of scholars and philosophers rose. Scholars started to analyze books and other information sources through reason and argumentation.Individuals who had departed through schooling had no place to further their studies and their number was increasing. This therefore led to the rise of universities as they provided a place for further studies. During the scholastic period there were many discoveries which were meant to enhance learning. The universities came up because of th e need to have intellectuals to departher so that they can share ideas and opinions thereby leading to more discoveries. The university was a impregnable place to do research and for individuals to learn from others. Additionally, individuals wanted to understand the Bible better and thereof get closer to its truth.The university provided a good place where people could study the Bible and hence understand it better. ambit of the students During this period, gentility was the privilege of the members of the upper classes and olibanum most of the students were from the upper classes in the society. There were few students from the dismay classes who had the opportunity to have formal education. This could be attributed to insufficient educational resources thereby making them expensive and thus not affordable to the lower class members. Curriculum The schools curriculum was divided into two trivium and quadrivium.Trivium was composed of grammar, dialectical and rhetoric while qaudrivium contained geometry, arithmetic, astronomy and music. In grammar, texts written by the Priscian who was a Latin grammarian were analyze and applied. In dialectic, the works done by Aristotle were require while in rhetoric, the works of Cicero were studied. Arithmetic manifold the study of multiplication and division, and in addition to that abacus and chronology were learned. Geometry mainly compound the study of Euclid while Astronomy involved studying the works of Bede and Pliny who was a Roman writer.In Music, the students were taught proportion, scale, music of the spheres and the harmony of the universe. During the Charlemagne period education was mainly based on written texts (Cunningham & Reich, 2006). During the scholasticism period, learning was based on reasoning and argumentation. Books were chosen, read and subjected to investigation. Points of disagreements between books and other sources of information were written down and subjected to analysis using dial ectics. Through the dialectics a habitual ground was found.During this period universities were formed and the curriculum of most universities primarily involved the study of philosophy, science, ancient burnish and mathematics. In addition to studying the students were allowed to do research in their field of preference. The effects of formal educational institutions on the European society These institutions increased the gap between the rich and the poor people in the society. This can be attributed to background of the most students. Education was primarily the privilege of the upper class members and thus most of the lower class member never had the opportunity to have formal education.However, in hatred of the gap in the society, the formal educational institutions provided the basis for more discoveries and developments in the European society. Through the institutions literacy in the society increased as more people improved their knowledge and skills. Additionally, the i nstitutions reconciled diametric societies as translators and intermediaries were required. For instance, in translating Greek to English Muslims and Jews were utilized as translators and intermediaries. This therefore led to reconciliation between different religions as they dependent on each in enhancing learning.Furthermore, the learning institutions led to change in address as individuals begun to see things differently. This led to changes in the political scene as authoritative governments collapsed paving panache for the democratic ones. Powers of the monasteries were reduced as democratic governments came into power. This is because more individuals understood their rights and hence started to fight for their rights. Word find out 717.Reference listCunningham L. S. and J. Reich, (2006). Culture and values. Edition 6. Belmont, CA Thomson Wadsworth. p. 199.

Neoclassical Architecture

The Founding Fathers of the unify States, specially the classically educated Thomas Jefferson, chose Neoclassicism as the countrys national architectural movement as it is the amalgamation of all the ideals that the Founding Fathers had fought for in their journey to independence from their colonizers (The Federal manner). undefiled computer architecture was first inspired by the Greeks and later adopted by the Romans for their own unique designs when they conquered Greece (Roman architecture). The great ancient society of capital of Italy was specifically the inspiration of the newly formed America. Rome to the United States was the epitome of a myriad of aspects such as its government, education, and the arts (The Federal Style).The neoclassical style of architecture which started in the mid-18th century in Americaconveyed a forward thinking approach for the climax 19th century (The Federal Style). In general neoclassical style displays symbolisms of democracy and philosop hical system (The Classical). When it was adopted by the Ameri idlers it elicited an analogy of young America to imperial Rome aiming to emulate the latters greatness ( neoclassic architecture, 2006).I definitely believe that architecture can convey a message to the viewer as potently as a painting can. Although it is often called frozen euphony or mute poetry, it does non mean they are totally void of meanings or implied ideas. They may not be explicit or literal in their message but architecture can still allude to nature. Notice how the Sydney opera House in Australia echoes the sails surrounding it. Architecture is unique in that the form cannot be separated from modus operandi especially in modern architecture.The form itself communicates ideas or meanings pull down in their pristine state. For example, a naiant line is associated with a line where earth and sky meets or a reclining figure connotes stability, restfulness, peace. Warm modify evoke the sun, fire, or sum mer, whereas cool colors suggest their opposites.ReferencesThe Classical Temple Architecture and Symbols of Washington, DC. N.d. STOPTHEThe Federal Style. (n.d.). holycross.edu. Retrieved 04 December 2006 from theNeoclassical architecture. (2006). In Encyclopdia Britannica. Retrieved December4, 2006,from Britannica Concise encyclopaedia https//www.britannica.com/art/Neoclassical-architectureRoman architecture. Wikipedia The set-apart Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved 04 December2006 from the Web https//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_architectureNeoclassical ArchitectureThe Founding Fathers of the United States, especially the classically educated Thomas Jefferson, chose Neoclassicism as the countrys national architectural style as it is the amalgamation of all the ideals that the Founding Fathers had fought for in their journey to independence from their colonizers (The Federal Style). Classical architecture was first inspired by the Greeks and later adopted by the Romans for their own unique designs when they conquered Greece (Roman Architecture). The great ancient society of Rome was specifically the inspiration of the newly formed America. Rome to the United States was the epitome of a myriad of aspects such as its government, education, and the arts (The Federal Style).The neoclassical style of architecture which started in the mid-18th century in Americaconveyed a forward thinking approach for the coming 19th century (The Federal Style). In general neoclassical style displays symbolisms of democracy and philosophy (The Classical). When it was adopted by the Americans it evoked an analogy of young America to imperial Rome aiming to emulate the latters greatness (Neoclassical architecture, 2006).I definitely believe that architecture can convey a message to the viewer as powerfully as a painting can. Although it is often called frozen music or mute poetry, it does not mean they are totally void of meanings or implied ideas. They may not be explicit or literal i n their message but architecture can still allude to nature. Notice how the Sydney Opera House in Australia echoes the sails surrounding it. Architecture is unique in that the form cannot be separated from function especially in modern architecture. The form itself communicates ideas or meanings even in their pristine state. For example, a horizontal line is associated with a line where earth and sky meets or a reclining figure connotes stability, restfulness, peace. Warm colors evoke the sun, fire, or summer, whereas cool colors suggest their opposites.ReferencesThe Classical Temple Architecture and Symbols of Washington, DC. N.d. STOPTHERELIGIOUSRIGHT.ORG. Retrieved 04 December 2006 from the universe Wide Webhttp//community-2.webtv.net/westernmind/WASHINGTONDC/The Federal Style. (n.d.). holycross.edu. Retrieved 04 December 2006 from theWorld Wide Web http//www.holycross.edu/departments/classics/wziobro/ClassicalAmerica/federalistintrohp.htmlNeoclassical architecture. (2006). In E ncyclopdia Britannica. Retrieved December4, 2006,from Britannica Concise Encyclopedia http//concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9373222/Neoclassical-architectureRoman architecture. Wikipedia The Free Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved 04 December2006 from the Web http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_architecture

Business-2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business-2 - Essay ExampleWith time, government intervention in economic form _or_ system of government has increased. This has led to the reconsideration of the existing interventions and policy structures, and the possibility of new ones. Since training of employees is seen as the prime fixings that contributes to an increased output, governments are seeing this as an opportunity to improve the output of their industries. As a result, in that respect is a growing debate about how governments should proceed with supplying of general training to employees. One of the solutions is the provision of subsidies. This paper explores feasibility of such a measure in light of the human capital possible action and provides arguments if it is justified.The costs and the skills gained from learning and being competent at a job spend a penny become an internal variable of productivity. According to renowned economists like Jacob Mincer and Gray S. Becker, if other factors are kept constan t, in-person incomes show variability depending upon the amount of investment in human capital (Marshall, 1998). Firms are investing much in human capital in order to increase the education and training of the employees. People have also started spending more than time in upgrading their education and using it to increase their efficiency. The adjustment ratios of aboriginal to secondary have risen such that all OECD boast of almost the same ratio. Tertiary enrolment ratios have also increased over the past couple of decades. Educationists and economists are sharing common goals to fix and empower the people in order to expand economic activity. Since the 1970s, there is more active betrothal in adult courses throughout the world. In Canada alone, the fraction of people who opted for adult training courses incremented annually from 4% in 1960 to 28% in the start of the 1990s.Many educationists adhere to the notion that formal schooling is nothing more than the tip of the iceb erg and lifelong learning entails many other

Economy and Infrastructure Sector Research Paper

Economy and bag Sector - Research Paper ExampleThe hosts of regulatory bodies like Security Exchange Commission, Chicago hop on of Trade Futures, federal official Trade Commission (FTC), The New York Stock Exchange, Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC), and umteen others are part of the policy environment, which is responsible in allowing, regulating, and settling various financial transactions, without which we cannot think of innovation of some(prenominal) present-day business activities. Importance of business and financial infrastructure can be gauged from the occurrence that federal government has identified the financial sector as part of its critical infrastructure security measures (CIP) efforts. Numerous arrangements help protect customers as well as institutions. The depositors are protected by Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) in the event of a severe liquidity crisis or out-of-pocket to the failure of a bank. Government Emergency Telecommunicatin gs Service (GETS) is available to all institutions during disruption of the primary communication links. It is possible that we may encounter totally unknown calamity whether manmade or natural of totally antithetic dimensions and depth and then it will be a real litmus test for all our public opinion process and strategic preparedness and final assessment from the fact that how we come out of it unscathed.The economy of any kingdom rests and thrives on its infrastructure setup. Finance and business infrastructures are the primary necessities through that economy of the country throbs and elevate to the new levels in terms of Gross Domestic Product of the country.When theU.S. was under the grip of outstanding depression during the thirties and unemployment was rampant, then the new president-elect Franklin D. Roosevelt spearheaded the country through a host of infrastructure projects in terms of roads and buildings, bridges and hydroelectric dams, electrification and irrigation projects. This helped reduce the high unemployment rate and increased business activities manifold. later on the necessary pause during the World War II, activities again got momentum to create large-scale interstate highways, fashion and sea ports including many housing projects in private sectors.